（北京专版）2020中考英语复习方案 第五篇 语法突破 语法专题13 构词法课件

语法专题（十三）构词法考点一派生法英语构词法中在词根前面或后面加词缀,从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀,加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。1.前缀(1)表否定意义的前缀前缀含义例词un-不happy→unhappy(不高兴的)friendly→unfriendly(不友好的)usual→unusual(不寻常的)able→unable(不能的)popular→unpopular(不流行的)前缀含义例词in-不active→inactive(不积极的)correct→incorrect(不正确的)expensive→inexpensive(不贵的)im-不polite→impolite(不礼貌的)patient→impatient(没有耐心的)possible→impossible(不可能的)dis-不like→dislike(不喜欢)appear→disappear(消失)agree→disagree(不同意)non-不smoker→non-smoker(非吸烟者)human→non-human(非人类的)native→non-native(非母语的;非本地的)(2)其他前缀含义例词mis-错误;失误understand→misunderstand(误解)lead→mislead(误导)behavior→misbehavior(行为不端)re-又;再;重新view→review(复习)write→rewrite(重写)inter-相互;交互在一起net→Internet(互联网)national→international(国际的)connect→interconnect(相互关联)前缀含义例词tele-远phone→telephone(电话)vision→television(电视)en-使可能rich→enrich(使丰富)able→enable(使能够)a-使于……情况live→alive(活着的)wake→awake(醒着的)sleep→asleep(睡着的)2.后缀形式后缀例词形容词→副词+-lywide→widelyquiet→quietlysad→sadlyslow→slowly以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,变y为i,再加-lyhappy→happilyangry→angrily以“辅音字母+le”结尾的形容词,去掉e,再加-ysimple→simplyterrible→terribly少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e,再加-lytrue→truly形式后缀例词名词→形容词+-yrain→rainyhealth→healthywealth→wealthyluck→lucky+-lyweek→weeklylove→lovelyfriend→friendly+-ousdanger→dangerous+-fulcare→carefuluse→usefulhelp→helpful+-lessuse→uselesshelp→helplesscare→careless形式后缀例词名词→形容词+-ernwest→westernsouth→southern+-engold→goldenwood→wooden+-alnation→national其他China→ChineseFrance→FrenchAmerica→AmericanCanada→CanadianAsia→Asiancentre→central形式后缀例词动词→形容词+-eddisappoint→disappointedinterest→interested+-ingfollow→followinginterest→interesting+-tiveact→activecreate→creative+-ableenjoy→enjoyablecomfort→comfortablesuit→suitable形式后缀例词形容词→名词+-nessill→illnesssad→sadnesskind→kindness+-ydifficult→difficulty+-ityable→abilitypossible→possibility+-ce(以t结尾的形容词去t,再加-ce)important→importancesilent→silencedifferent→difference形式后缀例词动词→名词+-erteach→teacherwin→winnerwork→worker+-oract→actorvisit→visitordirect→director+-ioninvite→invitationdecide→decision+-mentdevelop→developmentmove→movement+-ingfish→fishingread→readinghear→hearing+-istart→artistpiano→pianisttour→touristscience→scientist其他serve(v.)→service(n.)courage(n.)→encourage(v.)hot(adj.)→heat(n.)safe(adj.)→safety(n.)high(adj.)→height(n.)→highly(adv.)考点二合成法英语中由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下：(1)合成名词classroom(名词+名词)blackboard(形容词+名词)(2)合成形容词worldwide(名词+形容词)good-looking(形容词+现在分词)(3)合成动词overcome(副词+动词)(4)合成数词fifty-four(数词+数词)(5)合成代词everybody,somebody,anything(代词+名词)(6)合成副词downstairs(副词+名词)whole-heartedly(形容词+副词)(7)合成介词inside(介词+名词)within(介词+介词)into(介词+介词)考点三转化法英语中把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式有：名词→动词,形容词→动词,动词→名词。(1)名词→动词show(n.展览;展示)→show(v.表演;展出)water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)speed(n.速度)→speed(v.加速)(2)形容词→动词slow(adj.慢的)→slow(v.放慢)(3)动词→名词walk(v.散步;走)→walk(n.散步)look(v.看)→look(n.看)talk(v.谈话)→talk(n.谈话)rest(v.休息)→rest(n.休息)break(v.打破)→break(n.休息)