项目经理手册之软件开发

SEL-84-101Manager'sHandbookforSoftwareDevelopmentRevision1NOVEMBER1990NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationGoddardSpaceFlightCenterGreenbelt,Maryland20771SOFTWAREENGINEERINGLABORATORYSERIESiiiFOREWORDTheSoftwareEngineeringLaboratory(SEL)isanorganizationsponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration/GoddardSpaceFlightCenter(NASA/GSFC)andcreatedforthepurposeofinvestigatingtheeffectivenessofsoftwareengineeringtechnologieswhenappliedtothedevelopmentofapplicationssoftware.TheSELwascreatedin1977andhasthreeprimaryorganizationalmembers:NASA/GSFC,SystemsDevelopmentBranch;UniversityofMaryland,ComputerSciencesDepartment;ComputerSciencesCorporation,FlightDynamicsTechnologyGroup.ThegoalsoftheSELare(1)tounderstandthesoftwaredevelopmentprocessintheGSFCenvironment;(2)tomeasuretheeffectofvariousmethodologies,tools,andmodelsonthisprocess;and(3)toidentifyandthentoapplysuccessfuldevelopmentpractices.Theactivities,findings,andrecommendationsoftheSELarerecordedintheSoftwareEngineeringLaboratorySeries,acontinuingseriesofreportsthatincludesthisdocument.TheManager'sHandbookforSoftwareDevelopmentwasoriginallypublishedinApril1984.ContributorstotheoriginalversionincludedWilliamAgresti,ComputerSciencesCorporationFrankMcGarry,GoddardSpaceFlightCenterDavidCard,ComputerSciencesCorporationJerryPage,ComputerSciencesCorporationVictorChurch,ComputerSciencesCorporationRogerWerking,GoddardSpaceFlightCenterTheneweditioncontainsupdatedmaterialandconstitutesamajorrevision.TheprimarycontributorstothecurrenteditionareLindaLandis,Editor,ComputerSciencesCorporationFrankMcGarry,GoddardSpaceFlightCenterSharonWaligora,ComputerSciencesCorporationRosePajerski,GoddardSpaceFlightCenterMikeStark,GoddardSpaceFlightCenterRushKester,ComputerSciencesCorporationTimMcDermott,ComputerSciencesCorporationJohnMiller,ComputerSciencesCorporationSinglecopiesofthisdocumentcanbeobtainedbywritingtoSystemsDevelopmentBranchCode552GoddardSpaceFlightCenterGreenbelt,Maryland20771vABSTRACTMethodsandaidsforthemanagementofsoftwaredevelopmentprojectsarepresented.TherecommendationsarebasedonanalysesandexperiencesoftheSoftwareEngineeringLaboratory(SEL)withflightdynamicssoftwaredevelopment.Themanagementaspectsofthefollowingsubjectsaredescribed:organizingtheproject,producingadevelopmentplan,estimatingcosts,scheduling,staffing,preparingdeliverabledocuments,usingmanagementtools,monitoringtheproject,conductingreviews,auditing,testing,andcertifying.viiTABLEOFCONTENTSSection1—Introduction1-1HandbookOverview1-1IntendedAudience1-2SoftwareLifeCycle1-3ActivitiesSpanningPhases1-5Section2—OrganizingandPlanning2-1OrganizingtheProject2-1ProducingtheSoftwareDevelopment/ManagementPlan2-2ExecutingtheSoftwareDevelopment/ManagementPlan2-5Section3—CostEstimating,Scheduling,andStaffing3-1EstimatingDevelopmentCostandSchedule3-1ProjectStaffing3-4OtherSoftwareDevelopmentCosts3-5CostofComputerUtilization3-5CostofSystemDocumentation3-7CostofRehostingSoftware3-7CostofReusingSoftware3-7CostofSoftwareMaintenance3-8Section4—KeyDocumentsandDeliverables4-1SuggestedDocumentContents4-1GuidelinesforEvaluatingCompletedDocuments4-11Section5—Verification,Testing,andCertification5-1CodeReading5-1UnitTesting5-1IntegrationTesting5-2Build/ReleaseTesting5-2SystemTesting5-3AcceptanceTesting5-3TestManagementGuidelines5-4Certification5-5Section6—MetricsandKeyManagementAids6-1Metrics6-1ManagementMetricsandTheirUse6-2SourceCodeGrowthRate6-3EffortData6-4SystemSizeEstimates6-6ComputerUsage6-7viiiTABLEOFCONTENTS(Cont'd)Section6—MetricsandKeyManagementAids(Cont'd)ErrorRates6-8Reported/CorrectedSoftwareDiscrepancies6-9RateofSoftwareChange6-10DevelopmentActivityStatus6-11AdditionalManagementMetrics6-12DataCollection6-13AutomatingMetricsAnalysis6-13GeneralIndicatorsofProjectStatus6-15WarningSignalsandCorrectiveActions6-16BasicSetofCorrectiveActions6-18Section7—ReviewsandAudits7-1Reviews7-1SystemRequirementsReview7-2SoftwareSpecificationsReview7-4PreliminaryDesignReview7-6CriticalDesignReview7-8OperationalReadinessReview7-10Audits7-13AppendixA—SELSoftwareDevelopmentEnvironmentGlossaryReferencesStandardBibliographyofSELLiteratureixLISTOFILLUSTRATIONSFigurePage1-1ActivitiesbyPercentageofTotalDevelopmentStaffEffort1-31-2ReuseandPrototypingActivitiesWithintheLifeCycle1-52-1SoftwareDevelopment/ManagementPlanContents2-33-1CostEstimationSchedule3-23-2TypicalComputerUtilizationProfile(FORTRANProjects)3-63-3TypicalComputerUtilizationProfile(AdaProjects)3-64-1KeyDocumentsandDeliverablesbyPhase4-14-2RequirementsandFunctionalSpecificationsContents4-24-3OperationsConceptDocumentContents4-34-4RequirementsAnalysisReportContents4-44-5PreliminaryDesignReportContents4-54-6DetailedDesignDocumentContents4-64-7ContentsofTestPlans4-74-8User'sGuideContents4-84-9SystemDescriptionContents4-94-10SoftwareDevelopmentHistoryContents4-105-1ExampleofUnitDesignCertification5-66-1ManagementThroughMeasurement6-26-2SELSoftwareGrowthProfile6-36-3ExampleofCodeGrowth—GROAGSS6-36-4SELStaffingProfileModel6-46-5SELEffortDistributionModels6-46-6EffortDataExample—ERBSAGS