多国管理：战略要径

123北斗社区•••••北斗社区北斗社区北斗社区()GDPGDPGDP()()()()3.15.54.79.20.035.83.05.41.77.27.37.73.06.60.29.42.32.43.3GDP2.02.0()7.01.97.83.20.18.17.63.18.65.23.03.62.64.31.88.00.62.24.08.4AdaptedfromEconomist1997a;Economist1997c;UNCTAD1996c.DataonGDPfromfourthquarterorlatestavailable1-317北斗社区(APEC)19()()2020APEC()8北斗社区(UNCTAD1996a)4272.71-62519北斗社区北斗社区(10)1RoyalDutchShell/63.7102.0106000752Ford60.6219.4337778293Exxon56.287.986000644GeneralMotors51.6198.6692800265IBM43.981.1219839536VolkswagenNA52.4242318407GeneralElectric33.9251.5216000178Toyota32.8116.8172675169Daimler-Benz27.966.53305512410ElfAquitaine27.748.9895004911Mobil26.241.5585004712MitsubishiNA109.3360003113Nestlé25.438.72126879714NissanMotorNA80.81433102415ABB24.829.12075579416MatsushitaElectricNA92.22653974217RocheHoldings23.425.9613818318AlcatelAlsthom23.151.21970005919SonyNA47.61560005820Fiat22.559.12513333821Bayer22.427.41467005322Hitachi22.292.53318522423Unilever/22.028.43070009024PhilipsNA27.82530008325Siemens21.250.637600042AdaptedfromdatainUNCTAD1996,Table1.12,301.2.4199521609707501202970100150UNCTAD1996a111北斗社区()Motorola12AtlanticRichfield62500Coke500001612(1961)((1985)()CB250,NSR50)()GL1500)(1977)(NX600)(NS124)/北斗社区()AMOCO35000Ford2.5UnitedTechnologies2.5Pepsico2621912LucentTechnologies1.57GeneralElectric1.51489GeneralMotors1.3AdaptedfromSchoenberger19961.955.5CinquecentocityThomasBentz:BasedonMiller,Sinpson,andSmart19941000834Blazers5199519971200001997BelarwsBelarwsEscortsBasedonMatlack,NaughtonandWoodruff1997113北斗社区北斗社区(Yip1995)1-31-32701491545220501.2.619901990300199688019908319967854481997b103000Javetski,Edmondson,andEchikson19961992425616Farrell1994AmeritechCorp.Belgacom49.9(Javetski,Edmondson,andEchikson115北斗社区)1-41-419965300BasedonFortune19961.2.71-1020025Pearson19961-10251KoreaElectricPower23945127101155344762Telebras207408635811357533TelekomMalaysia18209210262958974CathayLifeInsurance16413NANANA5Angloamerican15111NANA70886TelefonosdeMexico(Telmex)1502356101249125237PttelekomunikasiIndonesia14205218938950368Eletrobras1321557827581068709TenagaNasional130502744497965110DebeersConsolidatedMines12361NANANA11TelecomunicacoesdeSaoPaulo(Telesp)1123724663021133312MalayanBanking10827NA3463273113SamsungElectronics101722054731801721114HuaHahBank10138NA195NA15Petrobras10054159676233100816BangkokBank9887NA7853566516北斗社区(UNCTAD1997)1-11FDI1301005008oftotalAdaptedfromUNCTAD1997116000FSO,71011:BasedonKraar1996117北斗社区北斗社区:BasedonRapoport1992;andReed1997ABB123RobertW.Galvin10199612Schoenberger1996456119北斗社区北斗社区(19541962AMCAMC7.51-12701970AMCKaiserAMC1-124121北斗社区()194721287000600001500000.41954387690002920006000000.519603613520004860007500000.6196745155200070000010000000.7197448154300074000012500000.6197749131500065100020000000.3D.P.Quinn,Jr.,1988,RestructuringtheAutomobileIndustry:AStudyofFirmsandStatesinModernCapitalism.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress.(SomeanalystssuggestthatMESvariesamongelementsofaCar.)70AMC2-BritishLeyland4AMC19835AMCAMC80080031.35350068.65BJC74AMCJerrySloanAMCAMCAMC19801983AMC4.9119836610AMC407.510.5AMCJoephE.CappyBJC,AMC49BJCCappyBJC22北斗社区