2018年12月英语四级考试真题

201812PartA:Millionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious26.______occurringinthedevelopingworld.Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27.______withairpollution.Onlyconsideringlostincomealoneamountsto$225billionayear.Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes28.______likehomeheatingandcooking,hasremained29.______overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30.______itasanurgentcalltoaction.Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31.______,hesaid.Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworld,whereinsomeplaceslostlaborincome32.______nearly1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlowandmiddleincomecountriesliveinplaceswherethey33.______experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.Buttheproblemisnotlimited34.______tothedevelopingworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asaresultofrelatedailments.InmanyEuropeancountries,wherediesel35.______havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachesinthetensofthousands.26.[F]damageAirpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious______occurringinthedevelopingworldthemostserious[F]damage27.[B]associatedThefiguresincludeanumberofcosts______withairpollutionwithfigures[B]associated28.[M]sourcesIndoorpollution,whichincludes______likehomeheatingandcooking,likehomeheatingcookingindoorpollutionhomeheating/cooking[M]sources29.[D]constant,hasremained______overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesintheareadespiteadvancesoutdoorpollution(havegrownrapidly)remain[D]constant30.[G]describedChrisMurray______itasanurgentcalltoactionas(anurgentcalltoaction[G]described31.[E]controltheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle______havelittleoverhavelittle____overtheairwebreathe[E]control32.[H]equals,whereinsomeplaceslostlaborincome______nearly1%ofGDPlostlaborincomenearly1%ofGDP[H]equals33.[K]regularlywherethey______experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution[K]regularly34.[I]exclusivelyButtheproblemisnotlimited______tothedevelopingworld[I]exclusively35.[O]vehicles,wherediesel______havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachesinthetensofthousandsthatnumbers(prematuredeath)where(reachestensofthousands)/diesel()[O]vehicles201812SectionBFood-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgress[A]Severaltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalphsmarketinHuntingtonBeach,California,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwasDanielNadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy.Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?heasksher.Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.[B]ScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.ThecentersShopwithYourDocprogramsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfortheservice,plusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.[C]Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni()-and-cheeseboxesinScottsshoppingcartandsuggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealcheese.SoIdhavetomakeit?sheasks,herenthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveherkidsrejectit.Imnotsuretheydeatit.Theyjustwonteatit.[D]Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren.InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood,Nadeautellsher.Andonly5percentofourfoodisplant-basedfood.Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat.Scottagreestotrymorefruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofordiabetes.[E]NadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondevelopingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades,butitsmakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications().ByprescribingnutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchasShopwithyourDoc,theyaretryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat.Theresnoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes,reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,Nadeausays.[F]Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfable,CEOandpresidentofST.JosephHoagHealth,medicalinstitutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchtobecomingahealthorganization,notjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital,whichcompleteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheircondition,alongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit.Wereallywanttolinkfoodandme