海洋环境22MARPOL1

1Lecture2Lecture2--2(18Aug2015)2(18Aug2015)ImplementationoftheImplementationoftherequirementsofMARPOLrequirementsofMARPOLAnnexIAnnexIMT6401EnvironmentalMT6401EnvironmentalShippingShippingLecturer:[e-mail]22PresentationPresentation••Casestudy:Casestudy:ExxonValdezExxonValdez••RequirementsofMARPOLAnnexIRequirementsofMARPOLAnnexI••RegulationsandChaptersRegulationsandChapters••Operation:DischargeatseaOperation:Dischargeatsea••Operation:EquipmentOperation:Equipment••Construction(tanker)Construction(tanker)••CertificatesandrecordsCertificatesandrecords••ActionsbyflagState,portauthorityandActionsbyflagState,portauthorityandshipownersshipowners33ExxonValdezExxonValdez44ExxonValdez,ExxonValdez,24March198924March1989••ThelargestoilspillinThelargestoilspillinUShistoryUShistory••3535ththlargestsinglelargestsinglespillintheworldspillintheworld••Spilled10.9millionSpilled10.9milliongallonsofcrudeoilgallonsofcrudeoil(AlaskaNorthSlopeCrude)(AlaskaNorthSlopeCrude)intoPrinceWilliamintoPrinceWilliamSoundSound55ExxonValdezExxonValdez••ThreedaysafterthespillagaledispersedtheoilslickThreedaysafterthespillagaledispersedtheoilslickandfoiledcontainmenteffortsandfoiledcontainmentefforts••ByJune20ByJune20thththeoilcovered28,500kmtheoilcovered28,500km22••40%oftheoilstrandedonbeachesinPrinceWilliam40%oftheoilstrandedonbeachesinPrinceWilliamSoundSound••1900kmofcoastwereoiled1900kmofcoastwereoiled••Butupto5,221kmofshorelinereceivedsomeoilButupto5,221kmofshorelinereceivedsomeoilcontaminationcontamination••900kmofcoastlineheavilyoiled900kmofcoastlineheavilyoiled••20%oftheoriginaloilspillstillremainedonbeachesin20%oftheoriginaloilspillstillremainedonbeachesin19921992••OilwasfoundinsedimentsnearlyadecadelaterOilwasfoundinsedimentsnearlyadecadelater66ExxonValdezExxonValdez––ImpactsImpacts••ManyareasofmusselManyareasofmussel((MytilusMytilustrossulustrossulus))bedswerecontaminatedbedswerecontaminated••ThesemusselbedsretainedhydrocarbonsforaconsiderableThesemusselbedsretainedhydrocarbonsforaconsiderabletimetime––doublebackgroundlevels6yearsafterthespilldoublebackgroundlevels6yearsafterthespill((CarlsCarlsetal.etal.2001)2001)••ThesepersistenthydrocarbonsinmusselsmayhaveledtoThesepersistenthydrocarbonsinmusselsmayhaveledtocontaminationofpredatorspeciescontaminationofpredatorspecies(Duffy(Duffyetal.etal.1996;Sharp1996;Sharpetal.etal.1996)1996)••AlsoreducedsurvivalratesinintertidalclamAlsoreducedsurvivalratesinintertidalclam((ProtothacaProtothacastamineastaminea))evensixyearsafterthespillevensixyearsafterthespill(Fukuyama(Fukuyamaetal.etal.2000)2000)••20speciesoffishshowedeffectsoftheoilincludinggenetic20speciesoffishshowedeffectsoftheoilincludinggeneticdamage,physicaldeformitiesandreducedabundanceanddamage,physicaldeformitiesandreducedabundanceandgrowthgrowth(Jewett(Jewettetal.etal.2002)2002)••77--10yearsafterthespillfishwerestillshowingbiochemical10yearsafterthespillfishwerestillshowingbiochemicalevidenceofoilexposureevidenceofoilexposure(Jewett(Jewettetal.etal.2002)2002)77ExxonValdezExxonValdez••3,500to5,500seaotters(3,500to5,500seaotters(EnhydraEnhydralutrislutris)oiled)oiled••200harborseals(200harborseals(PhocaPhocavitulinavitulina)affected)affected••TheUSFish&WildlifeServiceestimated350,000to390,000TheUSFish&WildlifeServiceestimated350,000to390,000birdswerekilledbirdswerekilled••Totalsurvivalratewas50.7%forbirds,and62%forseaottersTotalsurvivalratewas50.7%forbirds,and62%forseaotters••ReducedsurvivalrateswererecordedinseaottersadecadeafteReducedsurvivalrateswererecordedinseaottersadecadeafterrthespillthespill[Monson[Monsonetal.etal.(2000);Bodkin(2000);Bodkinetal.etal.(2002);Dean(2002);Deanetal.etal.(2002)](2002)]••ThecostoftheseaotterrehabilitationprogramwasatleastThecostoftheseaotterrehabilitationprogramwasatleast$51,000perSeaOtter$51,000perSeaOtter88ExxonValdezExxonValdez••Thespillcleanupoperationwasmassive,involving:Thespillcleanupoperationwasmassive,involving:••11,000personnel,11,000personnel,••1,400vesselsand1,400vesselsand••85aircraftinvolved85aircraftinvolved••Totalcostofthespillcleanup=c.$9.5billionTotalcostofthespillcleanup=c.$9.5billionThespillledtoThespillledto……••1990OilPollutionAct(OPA90)1990OilPollutionAct(OPA90)••EstablishedtoimprovetheUSAEstablishedtoimprovetheUSA’’sabilitytopreventandsabilitytopreventandrespondtooilspillsrespondtooilspills••requirementfornewtankerstobeofdoublehullconstructionrequirementfornewtankerstobeofdoublehullconstruction••existingtankerstoberetrofittedorphasedoutexistingtankerstoberetrofittedorphasedout99ExxonValdezExxonValdez1010MarineOilPollutionMarineOilPollution••AlthoughthemajorsourceofmarineoilpollutionAlthoughthemajorsourceofmarineoilpollutionmightappeartobeaccidentaloilspills,mightappeartobeaccidentaloilspills,particularlylargeeventssuchastheparticularlylargeeventssuchastheExxonValdezExxonValdez••Tankeraccidentsaccountforlessthan7%oftheoilTankeraccidentsaccountforlessthan7%oftheoildischargedintotheoceansdischargedintotheoceans••Nearly43%ofoildischargedintothemarineNearly43%o