跨文化商务沟通chapter1

Chapter1TheNatureofInterculturalCommunication1-3Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.1-3Topics•Globalization/glocalization/grobalization•Culture•Enculturation/Acculturation•Ethnocentrism•Norms,rules,roles,andnetworks•Subculturesandsubgroups•Communicationbarriers•Multinationalmanagementorientations1-4Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.1-4ExampleofMiscommunication•TelexsenttoafactorymanagerofaU.S.subsidyinLima,Peru:•“Pleasesendaheadcountofthepeopleinyourfactoryandinyouroffice,brokendownbysex.Informationurgent.”•Thelocalmanager,aPeruvian,replied:•“Here’syourheadcount:wehave30inthefactory,15intheoffice,5inthehospitalonsickleave,nonebrokendownbysex.Ifyoumustknow,ourproblemhereiswithalcohol.”(Axtell,1994)1-5Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.5CommunicationandCulture•Communicationandcultureareinseparable.•Cultureisacodewelearnandshare.•Learningandsharingrequirecommunication•Communicationrequirescodingandsymbolsthatarelearnedandshared.(Smith,1966)1-6Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.6Definitions•Internationalcommunication-communicationbetweengovernmentsoramongnations•Intraculturalcommunication-communicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture•Globalbusinesscommunication-communicationbetweenbusinessesfromdifferentcountries1-7Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.7•Interculturalbusinesscommunication–interpersonalcommunicationwithinandbetweenbusinessesthatinvolvepeoplefrommorethanoneculture•Meltingpot-socioculturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferingbackgroundsandnationalities;implieslosingethnicdifferencesandformingonelargesociety(macroculture)•Diffusion-theprocessbywhichtwocultureslearnandadaptmaterialsandadoptpracticesofeachother1-8Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.8•Worldculture-theideathatastraditionalbarriersamongpeopleofdifferingculturesbreakdown,oneculturewillemerge•Globalization-theabilityofafirmtotakeaproductandmarketitintheentirecivilizedworld1-9U.S.Census2010•64%WhiteAmericans•16%HispanicAmericans•14%AfricanAmericans•5%AsianAmericans•.9%Amer.Indians&AlaskanNatives•.2%NativeHawaiians&PacificIslanders•.9%OthersCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.91-10Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.10Globalization,Glocalization,andGrobalization•Globalization—theworldwidediffusionofpractices•Glocalization—theinterpenetrationoftheglobalandlocal•Grobalization—focusesontheimperialisticambitionsofnations,corporations,andorganizationstoimposethemselvesonothers1-11Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.11DimensionsofCultureLanguages(codes/modes)VerbalNonverbalPhysicalPsychologicalEnvironmentHumanBehaviorContentProcessesNaturalManMadeKnowledgeBeliefEncodingSystemsDecodingThoughtFromBorden,1991,1711-12Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.12DescribetheU.S.oranotherCultureUsingBorden•Language–Verbal–Nonverbal•Psychological–Content•Knowledge•BeliefSystems–Processes•EncodingThought•DecodingThought•Physical–Environment–Culturalactivities1-13Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.13Perceptions&Stereotypes•Perceptionsarelearnedthroughthedimensionsofculture.Cultureislearnedthroughperception.•Stereotypesareperceptionsaboutcertaingroupsofpeopleornationalities,oftenbaseduponlimitedknowledgeand/orexposure1-14Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.14StereotypesofU.S.Persons•Informalrelationships•Ratherformalinbusinessattire(suitsformen;dressesorsuitsforwomen)•Workaholics•Embarrassforeignbusinesspeople•Overlyconcernedwithtime,money,andappointments1-15Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.15•Makedecisionsonhard,objectivefacts•Considercontractsandthewrittenwordasveryimportant•Beawareofthestatusdifferenceswithintheorganization;however,generallynodisplayofsuperiorityorinferiorityismadewhichmakesrank-consciousforeignersuneasy•Areverymobile•Conveysuperiorityintheiractions1-16Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.16StereotypesofSelectedCultures(JapaneseandU.S.Students)JapaneseAmericansEnglishgentlemanly,formal,proper,politepolite,intelligentIrishcold,patient,drinkers,jovial,religioushot-tempered,loudChinesediligent,seriousquiet,small,ingenious,laboringindustrious,smartMexicanscheerful,passionatelazy,poor,loud,spicy-foodeatersdirty,uneducatedRussianscold,dark,closed,cold,respectauthority,secret,selfishhard-workingIsraelisreligious,faithful,religious,quarrelsome,warlike,Jewishwealthy,greedy1-17Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.17Terms•Enculturation-socializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety–Frontstageculture-culturalinformationthatyouarewillingtosharewithoutsiders–Backstageculture-culturalinformationconcealedfromoutsiders•Acculturation-processofadjustingandadaptingtoanewanddifferentculture–Culturalsynergy-twoculturesmergetoformastrongeroverridingculture–Multicultural-peoplewhocanmovebetweentwoormoreculturesverycomfortably•Ethnocentrism-thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundiscorrect•Mindsets-waysofbeingthatallowustosee,perceive,andreasonthroughourownfilter1-18Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.18DimensionsofAcculturation•Integration-personsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegrity•Separation-individualskeeptheircultureandstayindependentofthenewc