【培训课件】新编英语语法教程

ANEWENGLISHGRAMMARCOURSEBOOK新编英语语法教程Lecture30Coordination了Acoordinateconstructionisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinaform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators.Inordinaryexpositoryprose,parallelismcanberegardedasatypeofcoordination,linkingelementsthatarealreadylogicallyconnected.Thusanadjectiveisparalleledtoanother,anountoanounoraverbtoaverb.E.g.Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.(----WinstonChurchill)Sayinggood-byetotheworldsheknowsandloves,Parisheadswest,toSanFrancisco,anddiscoversbeingsingleinaworldfullofmenwhoaretooyoung,tooold,toomarried,ortoogoodtobetrue.CommaFaults:Commafaultsresultfromusingonlyacommatoconnecttwomainclauses.(inplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradash.)Toavoidcommafaults,youcaneitherinsertaproperpunctuation(asemicolon,acolon…)orjointhesentenceswithaconjuction.Faulty:Youdon’tspeakfluently,youshouldpractisemore.Revised:1,…..;…..2,….so….3,…..…..Run-onSentences:Run-onsentencesaresentenceswhichruntogetherwithneitherproperpunctuationnorproperconjunction.E.g.Run-on:Sheputonherbathingcapthensheplungedintothewater.Revised:……..Then….Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetime.Youcanfoolsomeofthepeopleallofthetime.Youcan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetimeandsomeofthepeopleallofthetime,butyoucan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.-----AbrahamLincolnCoordinatingdevices1,Punctuationmarksa,Thecomma.Ifwewanttomaketheseriesmorerapidsoastocreateasuggestionofurgencyandexcitement,wecanusecommasallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecoordinator.b,Thecoloncoordinatesbyamplification,withconjunctlikeaccordingly,furthermore,however,nevertheless,therefore,hence,etc.c,Thesemicoloncoordinatesbycontrast.2,Coordinators1)And-group:and,both…and,notonly…but(also),not…nor,neither…nor,etc.Tomaketheseriesmoveslowlyandseemlengthyanddrawn-out,werepeatthecoordinatorallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecommas.Inadditiontosemanticextension,andcandenoteothermeanings,suchastemporalsequence,result,condition,contrast,anditcanalsofunctionasanattitudinaldisjunct.(p.548)E.g.Customer:Canyougivemearoomandabath?Hotelclerk:Icangiveyouaroom,butyouhavetotakeyourownbath,sir.Grammaticalconstructionslike“niceand…,goodand…,goand…,”seemtobe,butactuallyarenot,coordinateconstructions:Heisgoodandhungry.(very,extremely.)You’reallniceandhardworking.Keepitsweetandshort.卜And前的修饰后面的，表示程度,限于少数表性质和程度的形容词和副词。最典型的是niceandgood.还有：Fine,rare,sweet,bright,big,clear,lovely,pure,well等：It’srareandhotinside.Sheisbigandbusy.Ishallgointobusinessbrightandearlyinthemorning.Ididn’tlikethespeech,butatleastitwasniceandshort.这种结构第二个形容词在名词前作定时,and往往可以省略Iprefergoodblackcoffee….浓浓的咖啡。Youscoldmesomuchinthenicelongletter.…长长的信。And连接两个相同名词表“不同类型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有坏的”的含义：Thereareteachersandteachers.Youcanfinddoctorsanddoctors.Therearetranslationsandtranslations.Therearewomenandwomen.但如重复两次，则表“众多”:Wesawdogsanddogsanddogsallovertheplace.两个或两个以上的简单句关系如不很紧密，并列连词可引导单独一个句子：You’realive!Andshe’sdead.I’msorrytotroubleyou.Butcanyoudirectmetothenearestpostoffice?口语中，and与be或go的完成体搭配表示说话人对另一人所做某蠢事感到恼怒或埋怨：ThatidiotAntoniohasgoneandlockedourdoor.…这个笨蛋，竟把我们的门锁了。You’vegoneandwakedhim.He’ssotired.你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累坏了。You’vebeenandboughtsuchapairofshoes.你怎么买了这么一双鞋！Who’sbeenandtakenmydictionary?真讨厌，谁拿了我的字典？Andthat(而且)用来补充说明前面的内容以加强语气。其中that代替上文中某个词、短语或句子，以避免重复。有时只用and:Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce.回去干活，马上去！Hewillcome,andthatsoon.……而且马上就来。表示并列成分都被否定时，在not,nothing,without,never等后宜用or,不用and,因为and连接的并列成分在否定词后有歧义：Hedoesn’thavelonghairorwearjeans.=He…andhedoesn’twear….Hedoesn’thavelonghairandwearjeans.=1)同上。2)Eitherhedoesn’thavelonghairORhedoesn’twearjeans.要么…要么…Shecan’tsingordance.=She…andshe….She…………..and…….=1)….2)Eithershecan’tsingorshecan’tdance.And连接的分句表主从意义。第一分句是第二分句的条件或时间：Gobytrainandyou’llgettherequicker.=Ifyougo…Onemoreeffort,andyou’llsucceed.=Ifyoumake…Onemoreboot,andI’llhaveapair.如并列分句均为祈使句，第一句仍可表条件，第二句表结果：Surrenderandlive;resistanddie.=Ifyousurrender,you’lllive;…Don’tdrinkanddrive.=Ifyoudon’tdrink,youcandrive.Or:Ifyoudrink,youcan’tdrive.不许酒后开车。C.f.Don’tdrinkordrive.=Don’tdrinkanddon’tdrive.有时用and表示部分否定，即否定其中一个，通常是否定后者：Heisnotaandawriter.月他是教师，不是作家。Hedidn’tspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他讲得清楚，但不正确。Or-groupcoordinators:or,either…or…在否定句中，一般用or不用and连接同等成分。Or一般不表示所择关系：Hehasnomoneyorfood.=Hehasneithermoneynorfood.Ididn’tfindhimcleverorgood-looking.=Ifoundhimneitherclevernor….Asheepwasnotmovingaboutoreatinggrassliketheothers.有一只羊的行动和(？或)吃草的样子跟别的羊不一样。Spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongs.蜘蛛从不危害我们，也(？或)不危害我们的财物。But-groupcoordinators:But,not…but,while,whereas,yet,onlyetc,denotingcontrastoraturninmeaning.Earlyasitwas,butalotofpeoplewerewaitingtobuynewstampsinfrontofthepostoffice.But错。并列连词不可用于as,though,although引导的从属句中。MynameisRobert,___mostofmyfriendscallmeBobforshort.A,thenB,insteadC,howeverD,but选D,C是连接副词，在连接分句时，前面用“;”或前后用“,”，but后一般不用逗号。IneverseeherbutIwanttokissher.错：我从未……但我想……正：我没有一次见到她而不想……IneverthinkofsummerbutIt