语言学常用术语

1AListofCommonly-usedLinguisticTerminology语言学常用术语表PartIGeneralTerms通用术语Acquisition习得Agglutinativelanguage粘着语Anthropology人类学Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Arbitrariness任意性Artificialintelligence(AI)人工智能Behaviorism行为主义Behavioristpsychology行为主义心理学Bilingualism双语现象Cognition认知Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学Cognitivescience认知科学Comparativelinguistics比较语言学Computationallinguistics计算语言学Corpus-linguistics语料库语言学Creole克里奥耳语；混合语Culture文化Descriptivelinguistics描写语言学Designfeatures识别特征Developmentalpsycholinguistics发展心理语言学Diachronic/historicallinguistics历时语言学Dialect方言Dialectology方言学Displacement不受时空限制的特性Dualism二元论Duality二重性Epistemology认识论Etymology辞源学Experimentalpsycholinguistics实验心理语言学Formalization形式化Formallinguistics形式语言学Forensiclinguistics法律语言学Functionalism功能主义Generallinguistics普通语言学Grammaticality符合语法性Ideography表意法Inflectionallanguage屈折语Inter-disciplinary交叉性学科的Isolatinglanguage孤立语Langue语言Macro-sociolinguistics宏观社会语言学Mentalism心智主义Micro-sociolinguistics微观社会语言学Montaguegrammar蒙太古语法Neuro-linguistics神经语言学Orthography正字法Orthoepic正音法的Paradigmatic聚合关系Parole言语Pedagogy教育学；教授法Philology语文学Philosophy哲学Phonography表音法Pidgin皮钦语；洋泾浜语Polysyntheticlanguage多式综合语Prescriptivelinguistics规定语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psychology心理学Semeiology符号学Sociology社会学Speech言语Sociolinguistics社会语言学Structuralism结构主义Synchroniclinguistics共时语言学Syntagmatic组合关系Theoreticlinguistics理论语言学Universalgrammar普遍语法Universality普遍性PartIIPhonology音位学Ablaut元音变化Acousticphonetics声学语音学Affricate塞擦音Allophone音位变体Alveolar齿龈音2Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学Articulatoryvariables发音变体Aspiration送气Assimilation同化Backoftongue舌根Backvowel后元音Bilabial双唇音Bladeoftongue舌面Broadtranscription宽式音标Centralvowel中元音Collocation搭配Complementarydistribution互补分布Consonant辅音Dental齿音Diacritics变音符号；附加符号Diphthong双元音Distinctivefeatures区别性特征Fricative擦音Frontvowel前元音Glide音渡Glottal喉音Hardpalate硬腭InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标Intonation语调Liquid流音Mannerofarticulation发音方法Minimalpair最小对立体Narrowtranscription严式音标Nasal鼻音Nasalcavity鼻腔Palatal腭音Pharyngealcavity咽腔Phone音素Phoneme音位Placeofarticulation发音部位Plosive爆破音Phonemiccontrast音位对立Phonetics语音学Rounded圆唇音Softpalate(velum)软腭Spectrograph频谱仪Speechorgan发音器官Speechsounds语音Stop塞音Stress重音Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征Teethridge(alveolus)齿龈隆骨Tipoftongue舌尖Tone音/声调Unrounded非圆唇音Uvula小舌Velar软腭音Vocalcords声带Voiced浊音Voiceless清音Voicing浊音化Vowel元音PartIIIMorphology形态学Acronym首字母缩略词Affix词缀Affixation词缀法Back-formation逆成法Blending紧缩法Borrowing借用Boundmorpheme粘着语素Clippedwords缩略词Coinage创新词Compounding合成法Conversion转换法Closedclass封闭类Derivationalmorpheme派生语素Freemorpheme自由语素Idiom成语Inflection屈折变化Inflectionalmorpheme屈折语素Jargon行话Lexicography辞典编纂学Loanwords外来词Morpheme语素Openclass开放类Prefix前缀Productive能产的Root词根3Stem词干Suffix后缀Suppletion异根Wordformation构词法PartIVSyntax句法学Abstractnoun抽象名词Accusative宾格Activevoice主动态Adjective形容词Adjunct附加状语Adverbial状语Agreement一致关系Anaphor照应语Antecedent先行词Apostrophe省略符号Apposition同位语Article冠词Attribute定语Case格Cleftsentence分裂句Collectivenoun集合名词Comment述题Competence语言能力Complement补语Compoundpredicate复合谓语Compoundsentence复合句Concessionrelation让步关系Concretenoun具体名词Connective连接词Constituent句子成分Contentword实词Continuousaspect进行体Coordinateclause并列句Coordinatingconjunction并列连词Copula系动词Declarativesentence陈述句Descriptiveadequacy描写充分性Directobject直接宾语Discontinuousconstituents非连续性成分D-structure深层结构Dualnumber双数Dummyword伪词Endocentricconstruction向心结构Ergative作格Exclamatorysentence感叹句Existentialsentence存在句Exocentricconstruction离心结构Explanatoryadequacy解释充分性Feminine阴性Finiteclause限定性分句Finiteverb限定性动词Functionword功能词Genericterm泛指性成分Genitivecase所有格；属格Gender性Gerundive动名词Habitualaspect习惯体Head中心词ImmediateConstituentAnalysis(ICAnalysis)直接成分分析法Imperativemood祈使语气Imperativesentence祈使句Imperfectiveaspect非完成体Indirectobject间接宾语Infinitive不定式Inflectionalaffix屈折前缀Informallanguage非正式语言Intensifier强势语Interjection感叹词Interrogativesentence疑问句Intransitiveverb不及物动词Intransitivity不及物性Irregularverb不规则动词Labeledtreediagram加标记的树形图Languagefaculty语言器官Lexicalverb实词性动词Mainclause主句Masculine阳性的Matrixsentence主句Middlevoice中动语态Modality情态Modalverbs情态动词Modification修饰4Modifier修饰语Morphologicalprocess形态过程Move移位Negation否定Neutergender中性Nominal名词性的Nominalclause名词性分句Nominalization名物化Nominativecase主格Non-placepredicate空位述谓结构Numeral数词Object宾语Objective宾格Obliquecase斜格Observationaladequacy观察充分性One-placepredicate一位述谓结构Onomatopoeia拟声词Particle小品词Partsofspeech词性Passivevoice被动语态Pastperfecttense过去完成时Pasttense过去时Perfectiveaspect完成体Performance语言运用；言语行为Personalpronoun人称代词Personification拟人化Phrasalverb短语动词Phrase短语Phrasestructurerules(PS-rules)短语结构规则Plural复数的Plurality复数性Postposition后置词Postpositionalphrase后置性短语Predicate谓词Preposition介词Prepositionalphrase介词性短语Presenttense现在时Progressiveaspect进行体Projectionprinciple投射原则Pronominal代词性的Pronoun代词Quantifier数量词Reciprocalpronoun互指代词Reflexivepronoun反身代词Reflexiveverb反身动词Relativeadverb关系副词Relativeclause关系状语Relativepronoun关系代词Rhetoricalquestion反意疑问句Sentence句子Sentential句子的Sententialcomplement句子性补语Simplesentence简单句Singular单数的Singularity单数性S-structure表层结构Subject主语Subjective主格Subordinate从属句Substantive实词Syntacticfunction句法功能Tagquestion附加疑问句Tense时态Topic主题Transformational-generativegrammar(TGg