曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap-25

9THEREALECONOMYINTHELONGRUN长期中的实际经济ProductionandGrowth生产与增长Chapter25Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionandGrowth生产与增长Acountry’sstandardoflivingdependsonitsabilitytoproducegoodsandservices.一国的生活水平决定于它生产物品与劳务的能力。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionandGrowth生产与增长Withinacountrytherearelargechangesinthestandardoflivingovertime.即使在一个国家内，生活水平也随着时间推移而发生了巨大变化。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionandGrowth生产与增长IntheUnitedStatesoverthepastcentury,averageincomeasmeasuredbyrealGDPperpersonhasgrownbyabout2percentperyear.在美国过去一个世纪里，按人均实际GDP衡量的平均收入每年增长2％左右。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionandGrowthProductivityreferstotheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedforeachhourofaworker’stime.Anation’sstandardoflivingisdeterminedbytheproductivityofitsworkers.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.生产与增长生产率是指一个工人一小时生产的物品与劳务量。一国的生活水平决定于它的工人的生产率。Table1TheVarietyofGrowthExperiencesCopyright©2004South-Western表1.不同的增长经历Copyright©2004South-Western国别时期期初人均GDP期末人均GDP增长率（每年）日本1890～20001256美元26460美元2.81％巴西1900～200065073202.45墨西哥1900～200096888102.23加拿大1870～20001984273302.04德国1870～20001825250102.03中国1900～200059839401.90阿根廷1900～20001915120901.86美国1870～20003347342601.81印度1900～200056423901.45印度尼西亚1900～200074328401.35英国1870～20004107235501.35巴基斯坦1900～200061619601.16孟加拉国1900~200052016521.16Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomicGrowthAroundtheWorld世界各国的经济增长Livingstandards,asmeasuredbyrealGDPperperson,varysignificantlyamongnations.人均实际GDP数据表明各国生活水平差别很大。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomicGrowthAroundtheWorld世界各国的经济增长ThepoorestcountrieshaveaveragelevelsofincomethathavenotbeenseenintheUnitedStatesformanydecades.最穷的国家的平均收入水平是美国几十年来所没有看到的。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomicGrowthAroundtheWorldAnnualgrowthratesthatseemsmallbecomelargewhencompoundedformanyyears.Compoundingreferstotheaccumulationofagrowthrateoveraperiodoftime.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.世界各国的经济增长看起来很小的增长率在许多年的复利计算之后变得很大。复利计算是指在一个时期内的增长率的累积。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.CompoundingandtheRuleof70复利计算与70规则的魔力Accordingtotheruleof70,ifsomevariablegrowsatarateofxpercentperyear,thenthatvariabledoublesinapproximately70/xyears.根据70规则，如果某个变量每年按x%增长，那么在将近70/x年以后该变量翻一番。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.AnExampleoftheRuleof70$5,000investedat7percentinterestperyear,willdoubleinsizein10years70/7=10Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.70规则的一个例子每年利率为7％的5000美元投资在10年后的价值翻一番。70/7=10Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.PRODUCTIVITY:ITSROLEANDDETERMINANTS生产率:作用及决定因素Productivityplaysakeyroleindetermininglivingstandardsforallnationsintheworld.生产率在决定世界上所有国家的生活水平方面起着关键的作用。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.WhyProductivityIsSoImportant为什么生产率如此重要Productivityreferstothequantityofgoodsandservicesthataworkercanproducefromeachhourofwork.生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产的物品与劳务量。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.WhyProductivityIsSoImportant为什么生产率如此重要Tounderstandthelargedifferencesinlivingstandardsacrosscountries.Wemustfocusontheproductionofgoodsandservices.为了理解各国生活水平的巨大差别，我们必须集中在物品与劳务的生产上。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowProductivityIsDetermined生产率是如何决定的Theinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesarecalledthefactorsofproduction.用于生产物品与劳务的投入被称为生产要素Thefactorsofproductiondirectlydetermineproductivity.生产要素直接决定了生产率。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowProductivityIsDetermined生产率是如何决定的TheFactorsofProduction生产要素Physicalcapital物质资本Humancapital人力资本Naturalresources自然资源Technologicalknowledge技术知识Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowProductivityIsDeterminedPhysicalCapitalisaproducedfactorofproduction.•Itisaninputintotheproductionprocessthatinthepastwasanoutputfromtheproductionprocess.isthestockofequipmentandstructuresthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservices.•Toolsusedtobuildorrepairautomobiles.•Toolsusedtobuildfurniture.•Officebuildings,schools,etc.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.生产率是如何决定的物质资本是生产出来的生产要素。•它是生产过程的投入，也是过去生产过程的产出。是用于生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物的存量。•用于生产或修理汽车的工具。•用于生产家具的工具。•办公楼，学校等等…Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowProductivityIsDeterminedHumanCapitaltheeconomist’stermfortheknowledgeandskillsthatworkersacquirethrougheducation,training,andexperience•Likephysicalcapital,humancapitalraisesanation’sabilitytoproducegoodsandservices.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.生产率是如何决定的人力资本经济学家用来指工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识和技能的一个术语。•和物质资本一样，人力资本提高一个国家生产物品与劳务的能力。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.HowProductivityIsDeterminedNaturalResourcesinputsusedinproductionthatareprovidedbynature,suchasland,rivers,andminer