Direct-speech-and-Indirect-speech

引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式:一是原封不动地引用原话,把它放在引号内,这叫直接引语(Directspeech);一是用自己的话加以转述,这叫间接引语(Indirectspeech)。1.Sheoftensays,“Allmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.”Sheoftensays(that)allmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.2.“Ilikereadingstories,”saidJohn.Johnsaidthathelikedreadingstories.3.“Idon’tlikecars,”Sarahsaidtohim.Sarahtoldhimthatshedidn’tlikecars.直接引语里的第一人称和第二人称，变间接引语时，人称要做相应调整。1.Shesaid,“Iamhungry.”Shesaidshewashungry.2.Mumsaidtome,“Youcandoityourself.”MumtoldmethatIcoulddoitmyself.3.Mr.Smithsaid,“Heisagoodworker.’’Mr.Smithsaidthathewasagoodworker.1.人称的变化1.Jacksaidtome,“Youlookworriedtoday.”Jacktoldmethat__lookedworriedthatday.2.Wesaidtoher,“They’recleaningtheroom.”Wetoldherthat____werecleaningtheroom.3.Mr.Blacksaid,“Ihavewalkedalongway.”Mr.Blacksaidthat__hadwalkedalongway.Itheyhe2.时态变化直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。Hesays,“Itreatyouasmyson.”Hesaysthathetreatsmeashisson.1.主句为一般现在时,现在完成时或一般将来时的时候,间接引语时态不变。直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)一般现在时“Iknowit,”hesaid.一般过去时Hesaidheknewit.2.当主句为过去时,从句要跟着相应的变化。现在进行时“I’mmakingcoffeeforyouall,”shesaid.过去进行时Shesaidshewasmakingcoffeeforusall.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)现在完成时“Ihaveseenherbefore,”saidhe.过去完成时Hesaidhehadseenherbefore.一般过去时“IsawherlastMonday,”hesaid.过去完成时HesaidhehadseenherthepreviousMonday.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)一般将来时Hesaid:“Weshallstarttomorrow.”过去将来时Hesaidtheywouldstartthenextday.过去完成时“Rickhadbeenillformanydaystillhedied.”Jacksaid.过去完成时JacksaidRickhadbeenillformanydaystillhedied.一般现在时现在完成时现在进行时一般将来时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时过去进行时不变1.“Itisreallycold,”shesaidtome.Shetoldmethatit____reallycold.was2.“Idon’twanttogotherewithAlice,”saidTom.Tomsaidthathe______wanttogotherewithAlice.didn’t3.Theboysaid,“Iwillbeapilot.”Theboysaidthathe________apilot.”wouldbe4.Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtomusic.”Tomsaidthatthey______________music.werelisteningto5.Mikesaid,“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”Mikesaid______________hishomework.hehadfinished直接引语间接引语时间状语nowtodaythisweekyesterdaylastweekfourdaysagotomorrownextmonththedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterdaythenthatdaythatweekthedaybeforetheweekbeforefourdaysbeforethenextdaythenextmonthintwodays’timetwodaysbefore3.其他变化直接引语间接引语指示代词地点状语方向性动词thisthatthesethoseheretherecomegobringtakeTheyasked,“Isiteasytosolvetheproblem?”Theyaskedif/whetheritiseasytosolvetheproblemwasTheyaskedifitwaseasytosolvetheproblem.Heasked,“Whendoyouharvestthewheat?”Heaskedwhenyouharvestthewheat.weharvestedTheyaskedwhenweharvestedthewheat.疑问句变为间接引语时,除了要把疑问语序改为陈述语序,由whether/if或特殊疑问词引导外,人称、时态和状语等也要作相应地变化。祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构:told/asked/orderedsb.(not)todosth.suggestdoing/suggestthatsb.(should)do...或advisesb.todo/advisethatsb.(should)do...Hesaid,“Let’sgotothefilm.”→Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethefilm.直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动句词（或从句）。”“Let’sgocampingthisweekend,”Tomsaidtous.→Tomsuggested(us)_____________thatweekend.→Tomsuggestedthat___________________thatweekend.goingcampingwe(should)gocamp直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)祈使句（命令）Theofficersaidtohim,“Don’tleaveyourpost.”不定式Theofficerorderedhimnottoleavehispost.例如:1.Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Don’twasteyourtime.”→（命令）ThemotheraskedTomtogetupearly.2.Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→（请求）Theteachertoldthestudentsnottowastetheirtime.3.“Don’tplaywithfire,littleboy,”hisgrandfathersaid.→______________________________________________.Hisgrandfathertoldthelittleboynottoplaywithfire4.Katesaid,“Let’sdiscusstheproblemtomorrow.”→_____________________________________________.→________________________________________________________.KatesuggesteddiscussingtheproblemthenextdayKatesuggestedthatwe(should)discusstheproblemthenextday由直接引语转变为间接引语，下列情况时态不变:→Theteachersaidthatwaterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0℃.Theteachersaid,“Waterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0℃.”1.不变的真理2.经常的习惯：Hesaidtothedoctor,“Ismoketwopackseveryday.”→Hetoldthedoctorthathesmokestwopackseveryday.3.直接引语为一般过去时并且与具体时间状语连用：Theteachersaid,“Thebabywasbornin2010.”→Theteachersaidthebabywasbornin2010.4.部分情态动词,如:must,oughtto,usedto,hadbetter等。Shesaidtome,“Youmusthurryup.”→ShesaidthatImusthurryup.1.陈述句的间接引语—连接词用_______引述动词用said,told,等。Hesaid,“I’veleftmybookinmyroom.”→Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinhisroom.2.疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用___或_________，而引述选择疑问句时只能用__________，引述动词用asked。ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.3.特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序。TheteacheraskedmehowIhadrepairedit.Theteacherasked,“Howdidyourepairit?”→1.Theteacheraskedthegirl,“Whyareyoucryinghere?”Theteacheraskedthegirl___________crying_____.2.“Whenwilltheplanetakeoff?”Iwondered.Iwondered_________________________.whyshewastherewhentheplanewouldtakeoff3.“Haveyouseenourplaneyourself?”heaskedtheboy.Heaskedtheboy_____________________plane_______.whetherhehadseentheirhimself4.Theteacheraskedher,“Doesthesunriseintheeast?”Theteacheraskedher________thesun_____intheeast.whetherrisesReviewtherulesofdirectspeechandindirectspeech.