Unit-4-Diogenes-and-Alexander

Unit4DiogenesandAlexanderAuthor:GilbertHighetGilbertHighet(1906-1978)ScholarlyandcriticalwritersBorninScotlandandbecameAmericancitizenEducatedinScotlandandOxfordDiogenesDiogenes(412-324BC)Ancient-GreecePhilosopherCynicism(doggishness)ToliveasimpleandnaturallifeWhatisCynicism?Cynicismisanattitudeorstateofmindcharacterizedbyageneraldistrustofothers'motives.Acynicmayhaveagenerallackoffaithorhopeinthehumanspeciesorpeoplemotivatedbyambition,desire,greed,gratification,materialism,goals,andopinionsthatacynicperceivesasvain,unobtainable,orultimatelymeaninglessandthereforedeservingofridiculeoradmonishment.犬儒主义犬儒哲学（Cynicism）是个外来词，中文里本来没有现成的对应词汇，通常将它理解为冷嘲热讽，愤世嫉俗，玩世不恭。我们若想对犬儒一词有更完整的把握，有必要略略追溯一下它的起源和演变。犬儒哲学主义是古希腊的一个哲学流派，其代表人物是西诺普的狄奥根尼（Diogenes）。AlexandertheGreatAlexander(356-323BC)KingofMacedoniaPupilofAristotleMilitaryleader欧洲历史上最伟大的四大军事统帅之首（亚历山大大帝，汉尼拔，恺撒大帝，拿破仑）马其顿帝国版图ClassicalGreece(500-323BC)HistoricalfactsGreecePersianWars(490BC)Athen'sdefeatofPersiaatthebattleofMarathon.(originofOlympics)TheriseofMacedon(NorthGreece)PhilosophyFocusedontheroleofreasonandinquiryRepresentatives:AristotleandPlatoIntroductionBothDiogenesandAlexanderlivedinancientGreecemorethan2000yearsago,andtheirstories,especiallytheirdramaticencounterhevebeentoldtothisday.Greatliterateneverdies.Ithaseternalcharm.Itisthesamewithmanyhistoricalfiguresdiscussedinhistory.Manyofthem,thoughbornandbroughtuphundredsoreventhousandsofyearsago,stillhavedirectbearingontoday'srealities.Theyhaveeternalimportance.Infactastimegoesontheirrevelanceandimportancemayevenincrease.Theynevergetoutofdate.Theybecomepartofthehumaninheritagewealltreasure.Forunderstandablereasons,Diogeneshasneverhadalargefollowing.However,Diogeneshasneverbeenforgotteneither,especiallyinmoderntimes.Alexander,ontheotherhand,isnodoubttheperfectmodelofasuperman.HeiseverythingDiogenesisnot,exceptforthatbotharephilosophers.ButAlexanderisyoung,handsome,beautifullydresses,physicallystrong,braveasaworrior,themsotpowerfulmanintheworldatthetime,theperfectmodelofPlato'sPhilosopherKing.ThereforehisencounterwithDiogenescannotbutbeoneofthemostdramaticscenesinhistory.Thisessayisanexcellentexampleofcontrast,theontrastoftwolegendaryfigures.StructureoftheTextI.Diogenes(paras.1-10)A.Hislifestyle(paras1-3)1.Hismorningroutine(para.1)2.Hishomeandclothing(paras.2-3)B.Hisdoctrineandhiswaysofpreachingit(paras.4-10)1.Livingnaturallyandfreelywithoutconventions(paras.4-5)2.Domenstratinghowtolivesuchalife.(paras.6-7)3.Talkingtoandsatirizingpeoplelivingotherwise.(paras.8-9)4.Beinghappyandcontentedwithhislifeandmission(paras.10)II.Diogenes'meetingwithAlexander(paras.11-17)A.Alexander'spresenceinCorinth.(para.11)B.HismotivationforvisitingDiogenes.(paras.14-17)C.HisbriefexchangewithDiogenes(paras.14-17)Lyingontheearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,helookedlikeabeggaroralunatic.(para.1)beardedadj.havinghairthatgrowsonaman’schinandcheeks.mustachen.hairthatgrowsonaman’supperlip.山羊胡beard髯lunaticn.aninsaneperson;someonewhoisextremelyfoolishorreckless;loonylunan.Latinwordformoon.月亮，月神(LunarCalendarvsGregoriancalendar)Insanitywasoncebelievedtobecontrolledbythemoonanditsphases.Hewasone,butnottheother.(para.1)Hewasauniqueandspecialperson.Heishimself,notlikeanyoneelse.Hehadopenedhiseyeswiththesunatdawn,scratched,donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside…...(para.1)scratchv.torubyourskinwithfingernails,esp.becauseititches抓，挠Dohisbusinesslikeadog.theusageofeuphemism(委婉语)…….andwashedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring.(para.1)Afewhandfulsof-fulhereisusedasanounsuffix.e.g.afewmouthfulsof/aspoonfulofhoney/aglassfulofbeer.scoopv.topicksomethingupwithascoop,spoonoryourcurvedhand用铲子掘取n.alongdeepspoonforholdingfood勺子，铲子Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovidefor,hewasfree.(para.1)provideforafamily=feedafamily=raiseafamily…..hehadstrolledthroughitforanhourortwo(para.1)strollv.towalksomewhereinaslowandrelaxedway漫步Theywouldthrowsharpquestionsathimandgetsharperanswers.Sometimestheythrowbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)Parallelstructureofthesentencescant:notenoughmischievouspebble:apebblefromamischievouspersonabuse:rude,angryandoffensivewords辱骂人的话ConclusionsforPara.1Mainides:Themorningroutine.Yourfirstimpressionoftheperson?LivinglikeadogorabeggarSeeminglymadItwasnotahouse,notevenasquatter’shut.(para.2)squattern.apersonwholivesinanemptybuildingoronapieceoflandwithoutpermissionandwithoutpayinganyrent.Asquatter’shousenaturallyisinpoorcondition.Hethoughteverybodylivesfartooelaborately,expensively,andanxiously.(para.2)elaboratelyadv.Inawaythatisintricate,complicatedorpainstaking.Hethoughtourlifeistoocomplicated,toocostly,andgivesustoomuchpressure.Weshouldsimplifyourlife.Nooneneedsprivacy;naturalactsarenotshameful;wealldothesamethings,andneednothidethem.Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture:theanimalslivehealthylivesandsleepontheground(para.2)1.WhatisDiogenes’smainideasandargumentinthesesentences?2.Canyoupossiblyl