英语中非谓语动词

Non-PredicateVerbs（非谓语动词）英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：1.不定式：infinitive2.动名词：gerund3.分词：participle｛现在分词：presentparticiple过去分词：pastparticiple｝1.不定式：infinitiveFormUsageOmissionof“to”todo(nottodo)一般式（否定）tobedoing进行式主动tohavedone完成式tohavebeendoing完成进行式tobedone一般式被动tohavebeendone完成式﹡一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。1.I’mgladtoseeyou.(同时发生)2.Theyinvitedustocometoaparty.（不定式动作后发生）3.Thecomputertobeproducedisofanewtype.(被动)4.Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.﹡进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。1.Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeovertheriver.据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。2.I’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramseem___allthetime.(1997.1)a.togetworseb.tobegettingworse我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越来越差了。﹡完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前1.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper___inbroaddaylightyesterday.(2001.1)a.robbedb.tohavebeenrobbedc.beingrobbedd.havingbeenrobbed2.Theywerereportedtohavediscoveredanthorancienttombinthisarea.﹡完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。1.Theyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.(=Itissaidthattheyhavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.)2.Thestrugglewasknowtohavebeengoingonforovertwentyyears.Usage1subject（主语）2predicative（表语）3object（宾语）4attribute（定语）5adverbial（状语）6complement（补足语）1.﹡不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成“It+is/was+adj./n.+不定式（短语）”,其中it是形式主语(formsubject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoteasy.→It’snoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.•Ittakessb.＋sometime＋不定式•Itcostssb.＋money＋不定式2.＊复合结构：forsb.todosth.Itis+adj./n.+for/ofsb.todosth.当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind,wrong,polite,wise…＊aspredicativeHerwishistobeateacher.Sheseemstobehappy.＊asobjectHelovedtolistentomusic.IfinditdifficulttospeakEnglishfluently.下列动词要求不定式作宾语：afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,care,choose,decide,desire,demand,determine,help,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,strive,tend,wish,…＊特殊疑问词+不定式介词+特殊疑问词+不定式Wheretostayhasnotbeendecidedyet.（S.）Shedoesn’tknowwhattodo.（O.ofv.）Hehadnoideaofhowtodo.（O.ofprep.）疑问词包括how,what,where,when,whether,whom,why等Iaskhimwheretogetthisbook.（O.C.）Thequestioniswhichtochoose.（P.）能一以这种结构作宾语的动词有：know,see,show,tell,teach,wonder,imagine,understand,explain等＊asattribute不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词.Thereisalotofworktodo.Heisthebestmantoconsultwith.＊asadverbialAadverbialofpurposeBadverbialofcauseCadverbialofresult＊asadverbialofpurposeIstartedearly(soas)/(inorder)togettherebeforedark.soasto和inorderto是不定式的强调形式soas(not)to用在句中inorder(not)to用在句中或句首＊asadverbialofcauseWeareproudtobemembersofthisteam.Wejumpedwithjoytohearofthegoodnews.＊asadverbialofresultHeistooyoungtogotoschool.Ihurriedtotherailwaystationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.Hebehavedsofoolishlyastobelaughedbyhisfriends.Hisstoryissosadastoarouseoursympathy.＊ascomplementAobjectcomplementBsubjectcomplement＊AsobjectcomplementChinaexpectseveryonetodohisduty.Icouldmakethemunderstandme.要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask,tell,want,expect,invite,allow,forbid,force,oblige,urge,advise,persuade…(sb.todosth.)要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/let(sb.dosth.)helpsb.todosth.主语不直接参与动作helpsb.dosth.主语直接参与动作Thiskindofsoapwillhelpustowashtheclothesmoreeasily.Theyalwayshelpmedomyhomework.＊AssubjectcomplementWeweremadetopaythemoney.Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.注：主被动语态转换S.asksb.todosth.→sb.beaskedtodosth.S.makesb.dosth.→sb.bemadetodosth.S.sawamanenterthehouse.→Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.S.sawamanenteringthehouse.→Amanwasseenenteringthehouse.﹡omissionof“to”1setphrase2setstructure3sentencewithspecialconjunctionorpreposition4aspredicative﹡setphrase1hadbetter/hadbest(not)do2hadrather/hadsoonerdosth.thandosth.3wouldrather/wouldsoonerdosth.thandosth.4wouldjustassoondosth.asdo…（宁愿…也不愿…）5may/might(just)aswelldo…（还是…好;还不如…;不妨…）6cannotbutdo…(不能不；不得不)7cannotchoosebut（只得）8cannothelpbut（不得不）cannothelp+doing9canbut=canonly（只得，充其量不过）egIwouldjustassoonstayasgowithhim.Wemayaswellbeginatonce.Youmayaswelltellthetruth.Wemightjustaswellstayathome.Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.Icannotbutlaugh.Icannotchoosebutstay.Icannothelpbutgrieve.﹡setstructure感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补make/have/let/bid/leave+sb./sth.+do常见感官动词：see,hear,watch,notice,observe,listento,lookat,feelperceiveetc.Hemadeherdoso.Bidhimgohome.（叫他回家）Wewillhavetheboymailthisletter.Lettherebenomistakeaboutit.（这事可别出错）Leavehimgo.（放他走）Lookatthathorsejump.Iheardthemtalkaboutthatfilm.＊连词(than,as)或介词(except,but,besides,save)前有do的某种形式省to;反之则不省Ididnomorethanmakeabeginning.Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.Ididnothingbut/exceptrepairthefarm-tools.Mydogdoeseverythingexceptspeak.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?＊作表语的不定式:若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省.AllIdidwas(to)hithimonthehead.Theonlythingwecandois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.Theonlythingtodois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.WhatI’lldois(to)tellherthetruth.GerundFormUsageTestingStructureForms:v-ing(主动)一般式nov-ing/notdoing否定式havingdone主动完成式beingdone被动一般式havingbeendone被动完成式one’sdoing复合结构Usage1subject2predicative3object4attribute①asS.Thereisnodenyingthis.It’snouse/nogood/uselesscryingoverthespiltmilk.②asP.Hishobbyiscollectingancientgoldcoins.③asO.Ihavefinishedreadingthebook.Sheisveryfondofdancing.Doyoufindstayinghereinteresting?→Doyoufinditinterestingstayinghere?④asAttr.动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能