美国文学史发展概况(老师给的复习提纲)

1美国文学史复习提纲一、殖民主义时期的文学(TheLiteratureofColonialAmerica)17th.c一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：①narratives日记,②journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）abouttheirvoyagetothenewland2)aboutadaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)aboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）Puritanswantedtomakepuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices净化信仰和行为方式2)PuritanswishedtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）PuritanslookeduponthemselvesasapeoplechosenbyGod,anditfollowedlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifewasopposingGod'swillandwasnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）Puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）PuritanreligiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGodandtoforgethismercy.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton约翰·科登，RogerWilliam罗杰·威廉姆斯他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet安妮·布雷兹特里特(女)sincerebeliefinGod7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofthePuritanpoetswasEdwardTaylor爱德华·泰勒(1642-1729)8、CaptainJohnSmith,hisreportsofexplorationhasbeenregardedasthefirstdistinctlyAmericanliterature.2学习指南：1、CouldyougivemeadescriptionofAmericanPuritans?(关于美国清教徒的描绘)LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothepurityofthefirst-centurychurchasestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreached.Itwasthiskindofreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.TheretheymeanttoprovethatwereGod'schosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinHeaven.2、Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4、TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards,Italian,andPortuguese.二、理性和革命时期文学(TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution)18th.c一、美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.最终以联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国的建立而宣布结束。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901）PoorRichard'sAlmanac《穷查理历书》，anannualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是科学、经济和政治等时事方面的问题3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借图书的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学的前身。4）firstappliedthetermspositiveandnegativetoelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的表达能力，文笔简洁，内蕴幽默，且擅讽刺。7）《致》是《自》的简明总结“TheWaytoWealth”《致富之道》3《自》是《致》的详细注脚“TheAutobiography”《自传》,18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、ThomasPaine托马斯·佩因1737-1809GreatCommonerofMankind最平凡的人1）famouspamphletCommonSense著名的政治小册子《常识》,itboldlyadvocatedaDeclarationforIndependence,andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise《收税官的案子》,TheAmericanCrisis《美国危机》,RightsofMan《人的权利》,TheAgeofReason《理性时代》,AgrarianJustice《土地公平》——hislastimportanttreatise3、ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰弗逊1743-18261）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependencein1776起草了《独立宣言》2）UniversityofVirginia佛吉尼亚大学，亲自设计，担任校长3）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness.人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。-----《独立宣言》4、❤PhilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2）hasbeencalledtheFatherofAmericanPoetry美国诗歌之父3）作品：1770年，第一部作品ThePowerofFancy《想象的力量》,1870年，第二部作品TheBritishPrisonShip《英国囚船》,同类诗歌中最佳：TheWildHoneySuckle《忍冬花》,TheIndianBuryingGround《印第安人的坟地》学习指南：1、TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.神学主宰了清教徒时期的美国文学，给当时人们思想的影响也最深，其次才是政治。2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.费瑞诺接受的是古典主义的教育，但其本质上却是属于浪漫主义的。3、thebeginningofliteraryin