完成时(现在完成时-过完成时-将来完成时)

完成时现在完成时指过去发生的事对现在的影响和联系（一般过去时的动作与现在无联系，表示的时间与现在相隔离）a.与表示不确定的过去时间连用(yetjusteverneverbeforealreadyrecentlylatelyoncetwice,threetimes）1.------HaveyoueverreadHamlet?------Yes,Ireaditin1960.2.----Ihaven’tseenthatfilmyet.-----Oh,Isawitlastnight.3.Haveyoueverseeneachotherbefore?Whendidyouseeeachother?4.----HaveyouseenthefilmGonewiththeWind?----Yes.I________itthreetimeswhenIwasatcollege.A.hasseenB.sawC.hadseenD.haveseenb.常与表示到现在为止的时间状语连用，表示到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（since,for….,sofar,inthepast…,thisweek/morning/summer,thesedays.uptonow,tillnow）Hehaslearnedagooddealsincehecamehere.HehasliveinLondonforquitealongtime.（至今还住在这里，偶可理解为刚刚搬走）HelivedinLondonfor5years.(现以不住伦敦)Sofartheworkhasbeeneasy.Ihavebeentothedentist’sthisminring.(话是在中午以前说的)Iwenttothedentist’sthismorning.(当天下午或晚上讲的)关于现在完成时用法的几点补充说明1.have/hasgot=have/hashave/hasgotdo=have/hastodo2.since问题Ihaven’tseenhimsincelastweek.Imethimin1975andhaven’tseenhimsince.He’slivehere(ever)sincehewasborn.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceheresinceheleft.Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehelivedinShanghai.(自从他离开上海以来)Itis……since…..Itisalongtimesincewemetlast.HowlongisitsinceheleftShanghai?Itseemsalongtimesincewelastmet.ItfeelslikeagessinceIwasthere.3.Itisthefirsttime(that)…….ItisthefirsttimeI’vebeenhere.It'sthefirsttimeI’veexplainedthisparticularaspectofgrammar.ThatwasthesecondtimeI’dvisitedChina.(Comegoleavearrivereachreturnborrowreturnreachlendbuyreceivebeginstardiemarryjoin)Come/arriveherebeherego/getoutbeoutgo/leave/movebeaway/offbecomeamemberbeamemberjoinanorganisationbeinanorganisationstartbeonendbeoverreturn/come/gobackbebackfallasleep/gotosllepbeasleep现在完成进行时现在完成进行时时现在完成时与及进行时的结合形式have/hasbeendoing….表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时刻还在进行。（fortwohours,sinceearlymorning,thesefewdays）We’vebeenlisteningtothetape-recordingforhalfanhour.Theyhavebeenworkingonthedocksthesefewdays.现在完成进行时也可用来表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一尺延续到说话时刻，在说话时刚刚结束。A.Sorry,I’vekeptyouwaiting.B.It’sallright.I’vebeenreadingnewspapers.A.Wherehaveyoubeen?We’vebeenlookingforyoueverywhere.B.I’vebeenworkinginthefields.过去完成时一、表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，强调过去的过去（而一般过去时表示过去某时或某段时间里发生的动作或存在的状态）1.Themeetingstartedatsixo’clock.Themeetinghadstartedwhenwearrivedatthehall.2.Theywenttoschooltogetherwhentheywereboys.3.TheytoldmethattheparcelhadarrivedonApril15th.TheparcelarrivedonApril15th.4.Theyshowedusthenewmachinetheyhadturnedout.5.Theycongratulatedthemonthenewsuccesstheyhadturnedout.6.Theyfulfilledtheplanearlierthantheyhadexpected.4.Attheendoflastmonth,theytreated30,000patients.Bytheendoflastmonththeyhadtreated30,000patients.比较：Bythetime(that)thisletterreachesyou,Iwillhaveleftthecountry.5.Uptillthenwehadonlycoveredhalfthedistance.6.WhenIgothome,thechildrenhadgonetobed.(就寝在先，到家在后)WhenIhadgot(=hadgot)home,thechildrenwenttobed.(到家在先，就寝在后)Whenthebellrang,wehadfinishedourwork.7.Themachinewentbetterafterithadbeenoiled.Hehadpressedthebuttonbeforewecouldstophim.8.Shedidn’tgetobeduntilshehadfinishedherwork.由以上各句可看出过去完成时常用在(up)tillthen,by,before,after以及一些定，宾，状语从句中。但如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在before，after，until状语从句中一连串的动作由and或but连接时，用一般过去时Hewentdownstairs,crossedthestreetandwentonabus.Heboughtavolleyballbutlaterlostit.二、过去完成时的特殊用法1.IfIhadknownthatyouwerebusylastnight,Iwouldn’thavecalled.(事实是:Ididn’tknowthat…)IwishIhadgonewithyoutotheconcert.(事实是：Ididn’tgowithyou)Iwishhehadbeenhereyesterday.(事实是：hewasn’thereyesterday)Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethetruth.(事实是：youdidn’ttellmethetruth)2.过去完成时还可表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、或意图适用于下面一些动词hopeexpectthinkintendmean(=intend)supposewantWehadhopedthatyouwouldbeabletovisit.Ihadmeanttocallonyou.butwaspreventedfromdoingso.Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn’tgethereintime.4.ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeenthere.5.hardly….when….,nosooner…than…..Hehadhardlyarrivedwhenitbegantorain.过去完成进行时hadbeendoing表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，该动作可能刚刚终止，也可能还在继续I’mtired,becauseI’vbeenrunning.IwastiredwhenyousawmeyesterdaybecauseIhadbeenrunning.Hehadjustarrived.We’vebeenexpectinghimforsometime.Hearrivedtowardsevening.We’dbeenexpectinghimforsometime.Ithadbeenrainingandthestreetswerestillwet.将来完成时will/shallhavedone表示将来某一时刻前业已完成的动作YouwillhavecompletedtheelementaryEnglishcoursebythistimenextyear.I’llhavefinishedmyworkbyfivethisafternoon.Perhapswe’llhavefinishedourworkbeforeshearrivestonight.We’llstartatfiveo’clockifithasstoppedrainingbythen.