Unit-8-knowledge-and-wisdom

KnowledgeandWisdom(abridged)BertrandRussellPhilosophy=philo+sophiaLoveofwisdompursuitofwisdomTeachingObjectivesBytheendofthisunit,youaresupposedtounderstandthemainidea,structureofthistextandRussell'swritingstylemasterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetextbeabletodiscussthephilosophicalconceptofwisdompassagetranslationTeachingProcedure1.GroupPresentation2.Pre-readingQuestions3.TextAnalysisMainideaofthetextStructureanalysisTextanalysis4.LanguagePoints5.Translation6.RevisionPre-readingQuestionsWhoisRussell?Whatdoyouknowabouthim?2+2=4?闻知，说知，亲知。——《墨经》三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。故有之以为利，无之以为用。——《道德经》学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——《论语》道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。——《道德经》BertrandRussell(1872-1970)Philosopher,mathematician,logician,theNobleLaureateinLiterature(1950)AproponentofnucleardisarmamentandoutspokencriticofAmericanWarinVietnamAnatheist:IsThereaGod?MainIdeaAccordingtoRussell,whichone(s)ofthefollowingitemsconstitute(s)wisdom?A.ComprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportionB.AfullawarenessoftheendsofhumanlifeC.EmancipationfrompersonalprejudiceD.ImpartialityKey:A.B.C.DStructureAnalysisWorkouttheoutlineofthistextwithyourpartners1.Thesis:_________________________________________.2.Factorone:____________________________________.Coherencedevice:___________________________.3.Factortwo:______________________________________.Coherencedevice:__________________________.4.Factorthree:______________________________________.5.Factorfour:___________________.severalfactorsthatcontributetowisdomasenseofproportionhowever,alsoawarenessoftheendsofhumanlifenotonly...butemancipationfrompersonalprejudiceimpartialityKnowledgeandWisdom1.Mostpeoplewouldagreethat,althoughouragefarsurpasses(begreaterthan)allpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelative(haverelationto)increaseinwisdom.Butagreementceases(therearevariousopinions)assoonasweattempttodefine'wisdom'andconsidermeans(amethod)ofpromotingit.Iwanttoaskfirstwhatwisdomis,andthenwhatcanbedonetoteachit.sur-:over,abovee.g.surcharge1.Whatisthethemeofthisparagraph?Mostpeoplewouldagreethat,althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom.2.Whatisthepurposeofthiswriting?Russellwouldliketodiscusswhatcontributestowisdomandhottoteachwisdom.2.Thereare,Ithink,severalfactorsthatcontributeto(helpcausesth.)wisdom.OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.(theabilitytoconsiderallthesignificantfactorsinaproblemandtoanalyzetheirsimportancerespectively)Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequiredofvariouskindsoftechnicians.Suppose,forexample,thatyouareengagedin(bebusy)researchinscientificmedicine.Theworkisdifficultandislikelytoabsorb(occupy)thewholeofyourintellectualenergy.Youhavenottimetoconsidertheeffectwhichyourdiscoveriesorinventionsmayhaveoutsidethefieldofmedicine.Yousucceed(letussay),asmodernmedicinehassucceeded,in(achieveaims)enormouslyloweringtheinfantdeath-rate,notonlyinEuropeandAmerica,butalsoinAsiaandAfrica.Thishastheentirelyunintendedresultofmakingthefoodsupplyinadequateandloweringthestandardoflifeinthemostpopulous(denselypopulated)partsoftheworld.-ous:characterizeby,ofthenaturee.g.mountainous,poisonousTotakeanevenmorespectacularexample,whichisineverybody'smindatthepresenttime:Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinterested(fair,objective)desireforknowledge,andincidentallyplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace.disinterestedvs.uninterestedfair,objectivevs.notinterestedinInsuchwaysthepursuitofknowledgemaybecomeharmfulunlessitiscombinedwithwisdom;andwisdominthesenseofcomprehensivevisionisnotnecessarilypresentinspecialistsinthepursuitofknowledge.????ParagraphDevelopmentTopic:__________________________________.HowdoesRusselldevelopedhispoint?_Giveexamples____________._Scientificmedicineresearch._Atomresearch_______________.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthesetwoexamples?Asenseofproportion3.Comprehensivenessalone,however,isnotenoughtoconstitutewisdom.Theremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.(theultimategoalofhumanlife)Thismaybeillustratedbythestudyofhistory.Manyeminent(famousandadmired)historianshavedonemoreharmthangoodbecausetheyviewedfactsthroughthedistortingmediumoftheirownpassions.Hegelhadaphilosophyofhistorywhichdidnotsufferfromanylackofcomprehensiveness,sinceitstartedfromtheearliesttimesandcontinuedintoanindefinitefuture.Butthechieflessonofhistorywhichhesoughttoinculcate(fixidea,beliefbyrepeating)wasthatfromtheyear400ADdowntohisowntimeGermanyhadbeenthemostimportantnationandthestandard-bearer(aleadingfigure)ofprogressintheworld.Perhapsonecouldstretchthecomprehensivenessthatcontituteswisdomtoincludenotonlyintellectbutalsofeeling.Itisbynomeansuncommontofindmen(litotes:反义法，曲意法。Itiscommonthat...)whoseknowledgeiswidebutwhosefeelingsarenarrow.SuchmenlackwhatIcallwisdom.ParagraphDevelopmentTopic:_________________________________________.HowdoesR