Introduction-to-Water-and-Wastewater-Treatment-Pro

IntroductiontoWaterandWastewaterTreatmentProcess[e-mail]1ReferencesWaterQualityEngineering:Physical/ChemicalTreatmentProcesses----byMarkBenjamin,DesmondLawler.2013(US)WaterandWastewaterEngineering:designPrinciplesandPractice----byHollyL.Shorny-Darby.2012(US)DrinkingWaterQualityProblemsandSolutions----byN.F.Gray.2ndediton.2008(UK)theWorldWaterDevelopmentReport(WWDR)----byUN;in2011,2012,2013《非洲典型区域水资源研究》(ResearchonWaterResourcesofAfricanTypicalAreas)----by李凤亭,王洪涛,CleverMafuta.2012WateravailabilityversuspopulationoftheworldAlthough60%oftheworld’spopulationliveinAsia,thecontinenthasonly36%oftheworld’swaterresources.Here’showAsiacomparestootherregions.60%NorthandCentralAmericaSouthAmericaEuropeAfricaAsiaAustriliaandOceaniaPercentageofworld'savailabewaterPercentageofworld'stotalpopulation8%26%6%8%13%11%13%36%5%1%15%Water/Populationdistriction+7+20-5-2-24+4Water/PopulationbalanceThechartindicates:Aregion’swater/populationbalanceisdeterminedbythedifferencebetweenitsproportionoftheworld’savailablewateranditsproportionoftheworld’spopulation.Asurplusindicatesthatitsproportionoftheworld’savailablewaterisgreaterthanitsproportionoftheworld’spopulation.Adeficitindicatesthereversesituation.ThecontinentinthehighestsurplusisAsiaandthehighestdeficitoneisSouthAmerica.Othercontinentstakearoughbalancebetweenthewaterresourceandthepopulation.Mostoftheworld’smajorriverbasinsfacemaximumstresslevelsFromthemap,wecanknow,thewaterresourceinMiddleEast,AmericaandsomeareasofAsiaisveryscare.AplaceinAfricaandthesouthernhemisphere,waterresourcesandeconomicdevelopmentiscloselylinked.AmericansusethemostwaterperpersonIntermsofnetwaterconsuption—includingwaterusedinagriculturalimports—EuropeimportshundredsofbillionsofcubicmetresofwaterperyearOver1millionAfricansdiefromdiarrheaeachyear,duetouncleanwater40%ofchildreninmuchofAfricaandIndiahavestuntedgrowth,duetouncleanwaterandmalnutritionPopulationissurginginplaceswherewaterpressureisalreadyhighIndustryandagricultureleadstohugewaterwithdrawalsinAmerica,Europe,IndiaandChina.TheArabworldisalreadydepletingnon-renewablewateraquifersDroughtseverityhasdrasticallyincreasedoverthepast100years“Ashortageofwaterresourcescouldspellincreasedconflictsinthefuture.Populationgrowthwillmaketheproblemworse.Sowillclimatechange.Astheglobaleconomygrows,sowillitsthirst.Manymoreconflictsliejustoverthehorizon.”----byBanKi-moon(2011.3.22,WWD)TheWorldWaterDevelopmentReport(WWDR)----byUN,2012TheWWDRin2012indicates,thegrowingfooddemand,rapidurbanisationandclimatechangeshavecausedincreasingpressuretoglobalwatersupply.Accordingtothereport,by2015,residentsin86%oftheworld'sdevelopingdistrictscandrinksafetywater,butabout1billionpeoplestillcan'tgetthechance.Evenintheurbanareas,thepercentageofthepopulationthatcannotdrinksafewaterisstillincreasing.80%ofthewastewaterintheworldstilldonotgetcollectionandtreatment.Accordingtothereport,bythemiddleofthiscentury,theworldfooddemandwillincreaseby70%,whichwillresultinatleasta19%increaseinagriculturalwaterdemand,andnow70%ofthefreshwaterconsumptionhavebeentakeninagriculture.wateriscentraltoallaspectsofdevelopment,underpinningeverysocialandeconomicsector.Alternativewatersuppliesvitaltohumanlifeandlivelihoodsarebeingdepletedunsustainably.Thishasimportantimplicationsforoverallwatersupply.Newwaterresourcesmustbegivensignificantattention.Watertreatment,waterreuseandwatermanagementarethenowadaytasksforuswhichbrooksnodelay.ConservationofWaterResourcesPreventionandControlWaterPollutionWeJustHaveOnlyOneGlobetheroleofthewatercompaniesinsupplyingwatertotheconsumerandsebsequentlytreatingitbeforereturningittothehydrologicalcycleFig.1theformerwatersocialcycleFig.1therecommendedwatersocialcycleHigh-servicepumpingstationLow–liftpumpingstationWatertreatmentfacilityDistributionsystemBuildingwatersupplyanddrainagesystemSewersystemWastewaterpumpingstationWastewatertreatmentplantupstreamDomesticwatersupplyanddrainaagesystemIndustrialwatersupplyanddrainagesystemwarersourcedownstreamMiscellaneouswateragriculturalirrigationReuseofrecyclingwaterAlum:KAl(SO4)2·12H2OSodiumHypochlorite:NaClO管道混合器配水井折板反应池平流沉淀池V型滤池清水池送水泵房原水投药加氯冬季超越至配水管网排泥水反冲洗排水调解池浓缩池脱水机房泥饼外运清液回流加聚丙烯酰胺泥石家庄市地表水厂Surface-waterDrinkingWaterPlantTubemixerWaterdistributionflocculationsedimentationfiltrationCleanwaterstorageServicepumpingstationPipelinenetinjectionFolded-platesFocuulatorRectangularSedimentationBasinsFilterBox----VstyleHigh-servicepumpingstation石家庄市第四地下水厂Ground-waterdrinkingwatertreatmentplantsWastewatermanagementsolutionsalsoneedtobecombinedwithpubliceducationefforts,suchasthoserelatedtopersonalhygieneandenvironmentaleducation.----WWDR石家庄市桥西污水处理厂二期ThesecondphaseofQiaoxiWastewatertreatmentplants提升泵房配水井机械混合池二级出水机械反应池废水池至污泥处理区加药间反冲洗泵房平流沉淀池V型滤池聚合铝调节池加氯间液氯紫外线消毒渠深度处理工艺流程图ThedepthtreatmentprocessmixerinjectionflocculationsedimentationfiltrationdisinfectionQiaodongWastewatertreatmentplantsofShijiazhuangThecontentsofthelesson1Reactorsandreactionsinwaterqualityengineering1.1Massbalance1.2Styleofthereactors1.3Reactionkinetics2Removalofparti