研究生学术英语写作教程Unit9referencing

1Unit9ReferencingObjectives-Knowsignificanceofreferencing-UnderstanddifferentstylesofreferencingContents-Readinganddiscussion:ScienceandMLAreferencestyles?-Languagefocus:informationorder-Writingpractice:Referencingasrequired.1.ReadingActivityAsapartofanacademiccommunity,itisimportantthatyoushowthereaderwhereyouhaveusedsomeoneelse’sideasorwords.Failuretoproperlyreferencemaymakethereaderthinkthatyouarecheatingbyclaimingsomeoneelse’sworkasyourown.Intheacademicenvironment,wecallthisplagiarismanditisseenasaveryseriousoffence.Pleaserememberthatplagiarismisnotjustwhenyoudirectlycopywordsfromanotherstudent’sorexpert’swork.Plagiarismalsooccurswhenyoure-wordsomeoneelse’sideasinyourownworkandyoudonotgivecredittotheoriginalsource.Allofthesourcesyourefertointhemainbodyofyourassignmentneedtobelistedattheendoftheassignmentinareferencelist.Youneedtolistonlythosesourcesfromwhichyouhaveeitherquotedorparaphrased.Forexample,youdonothavetolistbooksyouusedforbackgroundreadingpurposes.1.1Pre-readingTask2Answerthefollowingquestions:Whydowereference?Howdoweusuallyreference?Howdowecreateareferencelist?Howmanyreferencingstylesdoyouknow?1.2ReadingPassagePassage1：ScienceReferenceStyleScienceusesanumberingsystemforreferencesandnotes.Thisallowsexplanatoryormoredetailednotestobeincludedwiththereferences.Journalnamesareabbreviatedbyusingcommonabbreviationstosavespace.GENERALNOTESPlacecitationnumbersforreferencesandnoteswithinparentheses,italicized:(18,19)(18-20)(18,20-22).Donotusesuperscriptnumbers.Citationsarenumberedsequentially,firstinthetext,thenthroughthereferencesandnotes,thenthroughthefigureandtablecaptions,andfinallythroughthesupportingonlinematerial.Theacknowledgmentsfollowasanunnumberednote.Eachreferencecanbelistedonlyonce.Separateindividualreferencesfromotherreferencesandfromanytextnotes.(Thisisachangefromourpreviousstyletosimplifyreferencingandfacilitateonlinelinkingofreferences.)Eachreferenceshouldhaveitsownnumberandnotincludeothertext.Anyreferencetoapersonalcommunicationshouldbegivenanumberinthetextandplaced,incorrectsequence,inthereferencesandnotes.Itmustbeaccompaniedbyawrittenletterofpermission.Atthetimeofpublication,allcitedreferencesmustbepublished.Papersthatareinpresscanbecitedinasubmission,butthepapermustbeavailabletoprovidetoreviewers,andanacceptedpaperwillbehelduntilallreferencesarepublished.DatasupportingtheresultsorconclusionsshouldbeincludedinthepaperorSupportingOnlineMaterialormustbearchivedinanappropriatedatabaseatthetimeofpublicationandmadeavailableforreviewers.Notesshouldbeusedforinformationaimedatthespecialist(e.g.,procedures)ortoprovidedefinitionsorfurtherinformationtothegeneralreaderthatarenotessentialtothedataorarguments.Notescanciteotherreferences(bynumber).Pleasedonotplacetableswithinnotes.Ifyouareincludingmaterialsandmethodsinsupportingonlinematerial,pleasecitethis(whereverappropriate)asasinglenumberednoteinthetext,inthesamefashionasothernotes.Forthenote,useaformsuchasthis:InformationonmaterialsandmethodsisavailableonScienceOnline.(ThecorrectWebaddresswillbeappendedbySciencestaff.)Forinformationonhowtoreferenceother3supportingonlinematerialinthemanuscripttext,pleaseseeourspecificguidelinesonthismaterial.Thereshouldbeonereferencelistthatincludespaperscitedinthemainpaperandthenpaperscitedonlywithinthesupportingonlinematerial.Citationsinthesupportingonlinematerialcancitepapersalreadycitedinthemainpaperbynumber.Wewillincludethefullreferencelistonline.Forcitedpapersthathavebeenpublishedonlyelectronically,pleaseincludetheDOI.CREATINGTHEREFERENCELISTForjournalarticles,listinitialsfirstforallauthors,separatedbyaspace:A.B.Opus,B.C.Hobbs.Donotuseand.Useetal.(italics)formorethanfiveauthors.Titlesofcitedarticlescannowbeincluded,withwordsinlowercaseexceptforpropernouns,followedbyaperiod(seesamples).Journaltitlesareinitalics;volumenumbersfollow,inboldface.Donotplaceacommabeforethevolumenumberorbeforeanyparentheses.Youmaygivethefullinclusivepagesofthearticle.Journalyearsareinparentheses:(1996).Endeachlistingwithaperiod.Donotuseibid.orop.cit.(thesecannotbelinkedonline).Forwholebooks,monographs,memos,orreports,thestyleforauthororeditornamesisasabove;foreditedbooks,insertEd.,orEds.,beforethetitle.Italicizethebooktitleanduseinitialcaps.Afterthetitle,provide(inparentheses)thepublishername,publisherlocation,editionnumber(ifany),andyear.Iftheseareunavailable,oriftheworkisunpublished,pleaseprovideallinformationneededforareadertolocatethework;thismayincludeaURLoraWeborFTPaddress.Forunpublishedproceedingsorsymposia,supplythetitleofmeeting,location,inclusivedates,andsponsoringorganization.Thereisnoneedtosupplythetotalpagecount.Ifthebookispartofaseries,indicatethisafterthetitle(e.g.,vol.23ofSpringerSeriesinMolecularBiology).Forchaptersineditedbooks,thestyleisasabove,exceptthatinappearsbeforethetitle,andthenamesoftheeditorsappearafterthetitle.Aftertheinformationinparentheses,providethecompletepagenumberrange(orchapternumber)ofthecitedmaterial.ForresearchfirstpublishedinScienceExpress,onlinejournals,andpreprintsavailableontheInterne