浅谈居住区园林工程质量制约因素

Ⅰ目录题目·····························································································1摘要及关键词····························································································21当前园林工程质量问题········································································21.1风格························································································21.2植物····························································································21.3工艺···························································································21.4细节····························································································22制约园林工程质量的各种因素······························································32.1行业缺乏规范······················································································32.1.1名称···························································································32.1.2市场管理·······················································································32.2植物方面的原1因·········································································32.2.1外国（外地）设计公司不了解乡土树种········································32.2.2市场上植物资源稀缺·····································································32.3设计不如人意的原因··········································································42.3.1教育情况····························································································42.3.2急功近利·······················································································42.3.3抄袭成风························································································42.3.4缺少经验、缺少与施工人员交流····················································52.3.5设计周期短····················································································52.3.6设计脱离现实·········································································62.3.7工人素质普遍偏低，缺少对优新育种的了解································62.3.8施工及监理以及后期养护不到位····················································63如何提高工程质量···············································································63.1提高设计水平、搞好设计审查··············································63.2施工单位培育苗木·············································································73.3大力培训绿化养护工，加强后期养护管2理·····································73.4加强绿化工程施工现场监理·························································7参考文献································································································8浅谈居住区园林工程质量制约因素学生：姜月琦专业：园林技术指导教师：摘要：随着社会经济的发展，中国的景观设计行业需求增长与发展较快，加上项目建设周期紧，各项工程设计与施工的安排都是倒排时间表，造成设计环节推敲不够；施工队伍也不一定有与工程项目对等的施工经验,高技能的工匠不足；同时设计与施工脱节，没有优秀的、有经验的，了解设计意图的景观工程师在现场把握调整设计及控制施工效果，虽然问题正在逐渐改善，但根本性的问题依然存在，那就是景观园林建造效果的粗糙和偏离｡关键词：居住区；园林环境；风景园林；绿地指标；园林设计；园林施工；施工脱节1当前园林工程质量主要问题1.1风格如果各种相冲突的元素杂乱的柔和在一起，没有统一的风格，就会使整个设计显得杂乱无章。1.2植物当设计人员忽视本土树种，盲目引进外来树种、且施工人员移栽和后期养护不当时，就会使树木大量死亡。徒劳无功不说，而且还浪费了金钱。31.3工艺对于树木的修剪，一般都是没有相关园林知识的工人，他们大都不了解苗木养护和修剪工艺，随意修剪苗木。景观与成活率从何而来？甚至有些植物移植时，根部几乎全部被挖断。还怎么说得上有景观？1.4细节某些设计人员不注重实际情况和设计细节，随意设计小桥，当弧度过大时1来往车辆看不到对面来车，容易出危险。2底盘低的汽车每次来往都要摩擦底盘。3弧度过大电动车动力骑不上去。4冬天如果结冰将很容易出现滑到的危险。2制约园林工程质量的各种因素2.1行业缺乏规范2.1.1名称在园林设计这个领域，以前惯称“园林”或“风景园林”，以后引入美国的称法叫“景观建筑”(LandscapeArchitecture)，后来又赶时髦叫“环境景观设计”，也有人叫“环境设计”或“景观设计”……最近按吴良镛教授的提法又叫“地景”，究竟哪种称法更确切更合理，使之既要符合国情又要与国际接轨并便于职业称呼，恐怕建设部的有关部门得来管管此事。笔者倾向于“景观设计”的称法，那么职称便可定为“景观设计师”或简称“景观师”。名称的统一非常重要，名正而言顺，可以说是行业规范的前提。这样在未来的城市建设中，景观设计师将以独立而重要的角色与建筑师、城市规划师密切合作，真正实现吴良镛教授“三位一体”的构想。2.1.2市场管理景观产品具有其特殊性，与建筑相比，少了很多安全(如消防等)方面的要求，并有较大的可改造性，不良后果的责任也较小，这些特点导致了各方面的干预增多。同时，建设主管部门对景观设计和施工的资质管理把关不严(如无图签、未盖章的图纸可用于施工)。个体施工队伍常常以免费设计以及灵活的经营方式占有市场，特别是中小型项目。而大中型项目的方案招投标也多不规范，评委的专业素养令人怀疑。在这种较为混乱的市场形势下，景观作品的质量又何以保证?2.2植物方面的原因图642.2.1外国（外地）设计公司不了解乡土树种都说外来和尚好念经，这句话用在园林设计方面也同样好使。很多的开发商都不喜欢用本土或本地的园林设计公司。一方面中国的优秀景观设计公司大多集中在上海、广州等南方沿海地区。二是国人根深蒂固的“崇洋媚外”，媚外心里作祟，认为外国的月亮就比中国的圆。殊不知，最了解当地的气候、环境、植物的恰恰是本地园林设计公司。2.2.2市场上植物资源稀缺有时候并不是设计人员不做市场调查，而是你一旦作了市场调查以后，你的设计（植物配置）就没有办法搞下去了，因为你会发现市场上的苗木品种根本就没有几种，有时候一些很好的想法在施工的过程中因为苗木的问题而变地一踏糊涂，另外很多树种的价格也没有明确的参考，令设计人员无法准确估量工程造价，给设计带来了不必要的麻烦。例如我所调查的结果：1、三角枫蓬经3米，高度一般4米左右，胸径15cm的只有野生苗，市场苗圃中缺货，苗源存在风险。2、合欢蓬径一般较大，但郑州市建设工程材料基准价格信息上蓬径规格小，无法找到合适的价格比照。3、雪松苗木市场从来不讲胸径。4、90年代初江苏出现过一次较大规模的松干线虫病，使得松科植物（除雪松）大量死亡，清单中许多松科植物就是目前市场上较少的，如果设计中用到此类植物，应该降低其规格和减少其数量。这就要求我们设计师在设计之前要先了解当地的苗木资源，苗木规格也不能为了尽早出效果而过分放大，导致施工难度加大或不能正常施工，有些植物的规格也应该明确界定，使得预算和核算的差距尽量减小。做到设计切合实际，利于施工，同时不忘景观效果。2.3设计不如人意的原因2.3.1教育情况景观设计专业教育如同上述混乱名称一样混乱不堪。目前从事这一职业的大多毕业于林业院校的园林系(偏重绿化)、城建院校的风景园林专业(偏重建筑、规划)、艺术院校的环境艺术专业(偏重小品、造型)等，从目前景观设计涉及的范围来看，应该是上述三种专业的综合甚至有更高的要求。景观设计专业应该有明确完善的教学大纲，尽可能与国际接轨，并制定一系列的从业规范，最终实行与建筑、城市规划一样的执业注册制度，彻底实现行业的规范化管理。没有规范严谨的教学，自然也很难出现出色的设计人才和精美的作品。很多设计人员甚至连最基本统一风格、平面布局、交通还没搞懂，5一套套尴尬的方案就已经变为现实。2.3.2急功近利一个做设计的，可能他是博士研究生，也可能他是注册设计师，但是，他在凭什么做他的设计？凭书本？凭想象？还是凭经验？但是，我们有没有人像老外一样，为了做设计，自己动手兴造一个园子，花数十年去研究呢？或许有，但是大都带着赢利目的，不是研究。或者是学校里做教学的，但那是大众化的示范，不是个人研究。俞孔坚做过吗？或许指导过，或许在他自己的庭院里种了5、6种植物，但自己做个植物园，还没听过。以上是设计人员的原因，我们同样不应该忽略“中国特色”。市政工程领导要政绩，当然要快！企业投资，要尽快收回成本，当然也要快！设计院呢，设计的越快越多，钱就赚的越多！施工队也一样，这几个“快”下来，自然设计施工周期就短了。即使设计者想好好把一个设计做好，多调查。但他的上级不允许啊！甲方催，院长催……所以按时交差就不错了。大不了再变更啊。中国现