国际金融英文版(托马斯A普格尔著)---ChapterTwo

终端能源消耗的关键部门‘‘Key’’sectorsinfinalenergyconsumption国贸002彭婧框架图终端能源消耗的关键部门此研究方法给我们的启发·终端能源消耗的关键部门分析简介目的：展现一个可以在不同部门之间建立终端能源消耗相关性的研究方法，并通过其在西班牙经济中的运用找出哪些部门在终端能源消耗中应予以更多的关注。模型：投入产出模型列昂惕夫模型终端能源消耗的关键部门分析投入产出模型构建①②③终端能源消耗的关键部门分析④⑤⑥⑦终端能源消耗的关键部门分析⑨⑧⑨⑩终端能源消耗的关键部门分析·实证分析数据来源国际能源机构（IEA）经济合作与发展组织（OECD）以及其他有研究成果的信息终端能源消耗的关键部门分析具体分析表2A农业（1），能源（2）和非金属生产（4）B国内运输（15），化学工业（5），钢铁工业、有色金属冶炼业（3），其他运输（16）建筑业（12）食物业（8）C纺织和鞋类（9），造纸印刷（10），其他制造业（11），贸易（13），其他销售服务（17）金属制品（6）D交通运输设备（7），住宿餐饮业（14）其他非销售服务（18）重要说明偏差此研究方法给我们的启发我国能源的短缺结束句谢谢FundamentalsofBOPAccounting1.double-entrybookkeepingEachtransactionisrecordedtwiceinthebalanceofpayments:onceasacreditandonceasadebit.2.Whycanweusedouble-entrybookkeepingtorecordatransaction?Eachtransaction,involvestwooppositeflowsofequalvalue.Forexample:TheU.S.governmentsells$29millionworthofwheattoRussia,beingpaidwith$29millioningoldbytheRussiangovernment.AU.S.utilitycompanybuys$34millioninnaturalgasfromaCanadianfirmanditpaysbywritingacheckonitsdepositsinNewYorkbank.Braziliansoccerfansspend$6millionastouristsintheU.S.,payingthroughNewYorkbankdeposits.FundamentalsofBOPAccounting3.HowdowerecordtransactionsbetweenresidentsandnonresidentsAsetofaccounts(p14-18)GoodsServicesIncomeUnilateraltransfers(gifts)DirectinvestmentInternationalportfolioinvestmentOfficialinternationalreservesStatisticaldiscrepancyCurrentaccountFinancialaccountBOPFundamentalsofBOPAccountingGoodsincludesgoodssuchasrawmaterialsandmanufacturedgoodsthatarebought,soldorgivenaway(possiblyintheformofaid).Servicesrefertoreceiptsfromtourism,transportation(likethelevythatmustbepaidinEgyptwhenashippassesthroughtheSuezCanal),engineering,businessservicefees(fromlawyersormanagementconsulting,forexample),androyaltiesfrompatentsandcopyrights.FundamentalsofBOPAccountingIncome:Receiptsfromincome-generatingassetssuchasstocks(intheformofdividends)arealsorecordedinthecurrentaccount.Thelastcomponentofthecurrentaccountisunilateraltransfers.Thesearecreditsthataremostlyworker'sremittances,whicharesalariessentbackintothehomecountryofanationalworkingabroad,aswellasforeignaidthatisdirectlyreceived.FundamentalsofBOPAccountingThefinancialaccountiswhereallinternationalcapitaltransfersarerecorded.Itisarecordofallinternationaltransactionsforassetsincludingbonds,treasurybills,bankdeposits,stocks,currency,realestate,etc.Alsoincludedaregovernment-ownedassetssuchasforeignreserves,gold,specialdrawingrights(SDRs)heldwiththeInternationalMonetaryFund,privateassetsheldabroad,anddirectforeigninvestment.Assetsownedbyforeigners,privateandofficial,arealsorecordedinthefinancialaccountFundamentalsofBOPAccounting4.TheprinciplesofbookkeepingAcredit(+)isaflowforwhichthecountryispaid.Adebit(-)isaflowforwhichthecountrymustpay.FundamentalsofBOPAccountingForexample:1.TheU.S.Monetaryauthoritydecidestopurchaseyen-denominatedbankdepositsfromamajorTokyobankandpaybytransferring$15millionofitsNewYorkbankdepositstothisTokyobank.Debit:Officialreserveassets$15millionCredit:foreign(portfolio)investment$15millionFundamentalsofBOPAccounting2.AU.S.utilitycompanybuys$34millioninnaturalgasfromaCanadianfirmanditpaysbywritingacheckonitsdepositsinNewYorkbank.Debit:goods$34millionCredit:portfolioinvestment$34millionFundamentalsofBOPAccounting3.Braziliansoccerfansspend$6millionastouristsintheU.S.,payingthroughNewYorkbankdeposits.Debit:portfolioinvestment$6millionCredit:services$6millionFundamentalsofBOPAccounting4.TheU.S.Treasurypays$25millionininterestonitspastborrowingfromJapaneseinvestors,payingwithchecksonaNewYorkbank.Debit:income$25millionCredit:portfolioinvestment$25millionFundamentalsofBOPAccounting5.TheU.S.governmentgives$8millioninforeignaidtothegovernmentofEgyptintheformofwheat.Debit:unilateraltransfer$8millionCredit:goods$8millionAccountnameDebitCreditbalanceCurrentaccount6714-53Goods34(2)8(5)-26Services6(3)6Income25(4)-25Unilateraltransfer8(5)-8Financialaccount217453Portfolioinvestment6(3)15(1)+34(2)+25(4)=7468Officialreserves15(1)-15Sum88880FundamentalsofBOPAccountingPuttingtheaccountstogether(textbookfigureA.1)Ifweaddupallthecreditsasplusesandallthedebitsasminuses,thenetresultiszero.Butasfarasonlyapartoftheaccountisconcerned,thebalanceneedsnottobezero.Thisisanimportantfact.FundamentalsofBOPAccountingThecurrentaccountandfinancialaccountshouldbalanceeachotherout.Thusacurrentaccountsurplusismatchedbyafinancialaccountdeficitandacurrentaccountdeficitismatchedbyacurrentaccountsurplus.FundamentalsofBOPAccountingAnaccountmayshowasurplusoradeficit.Forexample,atradesurplusimpliesthatacountry'sexportsarehigherthanitsimportsandhencethereisanetflowofmoneyintothecountry.Atradedeficit,ontheotherhand,impliesthatthecountry'simportsexceeditsexportsandhencethereisanetflowofmoneyoutofthecountry.Foracountrytohaveazerobalanceofpayments,acurrentaccountdeficitmustbebalancedbyacapitalaccountsurplus.TheUShavebeenrunninganegativecurrentaccountforalongwhile,whichisfinancedthroughapositivefinancialaccount.Theonlywaytobuymorethanyousellistoborrowmoney.Debits(-)Credits(