零售商之退货与订价模式

I54Stackelberg(leader)(follower)StackelbergII…..………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……V……………………………………………………………11.1…………….……….……………………………….11.1.1…………………..…………11.1.2….………………………….41.2………………………………..…………………….61.3……………………………………………………...8…………………………………………….………..92.1…….…….……………………………92.2………………………………...…112.3Stackelberg….……………132.4…………………………………………15……………………..……..…….203.1………………………………...…………………203.1.1…………………………………………213.1.2………………………………………223.2…………….……………..……223.2.1……………………………………233.2.2……………………………………243.3……………………………….25III3.3.1……………253.3.2………27…………………………………..……..…….294.1……...…………294.1.1……………304.1.2………324.2..….……354.3…...…364.3.1……………374.3.2………39….………………………..……..…….41……………………………………………………………………43A………………………………………………………...…43B………………………………………………………...…44C………………………………………………………...…45D………………………………………………………...…46E………………………………………………………...…47F………………………………………………………...…48G………………………………………………………...…49H………………………………………………………...…50I…………….…………………………………………...…51……………………………………………………………..52IV1-1…….………………………..………..…..31-21994………..………….…..63-1……….……………………214-1…………….……………………314-2……….…324-3……….……………………324-4m…………….……………………344-5m……….…344-6m……….……………………354-7b…………….………384-8b..………………………………………………………..384-9b……….………384-10b………….……..…394-11b..………………………………………………………..394-12b………………40V2-1…………………..………..….194-1EmmonsGilbert(1998)……..………..….3711.11.1.1(PadmanabhanPng1995,MarvelPeck1995)(setupcost)(Monahan1984)PadmanabhanPng(1995)PadmanabhanPng(1995)GoodmanFielder2(onconsignment)1932Vikingpress(PadmanabhanPng1995)PadmanabhanPng(1995)40%Kandel(1996)KmartWal-MartKmartPadmanabhanPng(1997)Procter&GambleBan-de-solrilPrenticeHallMcKesson3MarvelPeck(1995)PadmanabhanPng(1997)1-11-1PadmanabhanPng(1997)41.1.2(fashiongoods)Fisheretal.(1994)NationalRetailerFederation708%9026%100025%(NordFrazier1988)Frazier(1986)25025%Pashigian(1988)3%16%Fisher(1997)(1)(2)(3)(4)IyerBergen(1997)5L.L.BeanLands’EndSmith&Hawken(PadmanabhanPng1995)PadmanabhanPng(1997)1994BarnesandNobel(18)TenSpeedPress(200)WherehouseEntertainment(4)WindhamHill(2)EggheadSoftware6Chipsoft71-261.2(Cataloguegoods)1-219941-21994PadmanabhanPng(1997)7EmmonsGilbert(1998)EppenandIyer(1997)CatcoCatco(1)(2)1001000(3)30%50%(4)EmmonsGilbert(1998)CD81.3EmmonsGilbert(1998)SkieraSpann(1999)Stackelberg9Stackelberg(leader)(follower)EppenIyer(1997)(backupagreement)EppenIyer1993Catco101.2.3.BassokAnupindi(1997)BassokAnupindiorder-up-to(newsboyproblem)AnupindiBassok(1998)AnupindiBassok11Weng(1995)(pareto-efficient)Weng12Wollmer(1992)WollmerGaleHolmes(1993)Wollmer(surplusvalue)Robinson(1995)Robinson(MonteCariomethodology)SkieraSpann(1999)SkieraSpann13Stackelberg2.3StackelbergMonahan(1984)KMonahanMonahanK14Gurnani(1996)GurnaniGurnaniStackelbergGurnaniChiangetal.(1994)EOQStackelberg(convexfunction)ParlarWang(1994)EOQ15ParlarWangStackelbergStackelbergStackelbergequilibriumStackelberg2.4Pasternack(1985)(hierarchicalmodel)Pasternack16MarvelPeck(1995)StackelbergKandel(1996)MarvelPeck(1995)Stackelberg(reservationprice)Kandel17PadmanabhanPng(1997)StackelbergPadmanabhanPngEmmonsGilbert(1998)EmmonsGilbertStackelbergEmmonsGilbert18LauLau(1999)StackelbergMantralaRaman(1999)MantralaRamanStackelberg(errorfunction)Stackelberg2-119Pasternack(1985)MarvelPeck(1995)StackelbergKandel(1996)(reservationprice)StackelbergMarvelPeck(1995)PadmanabhanPng(1997)StackelbergMarvelPeck(1995)EmmonsGilbert(1998)StackelbergMarvelPeck(1995)LauLau(1999)StackelbergMarvelPeck(1995)MantralaRaman(1999)StackelbergMarvelPeck(1995)Stackelberg2-1203.1(EmmonsGilbert1998)rpwrwqpr3-1Stacklbergleader21))(/())(/1():(pDxfpDpxg⋅=pbpD⋅-=15)(3.1.1D(p)pEmmonsGilbert(1998)forx(1)forb22f()g()p3.1.2SkieraSpann(1999)q(w)3.2:cf(x)F(x)bq(w)23wpr0r13.2.1m(2)(2)w(3)EmmonsGilbert(1998)EmmonsGilbert(1998)f(x)=0.5for0xF(x)=x/2for0x2∫⋅--⋅-⋅=)(/)()1(0)()()()(pDWqrdxxfwrqwwqcwqw∫---)(/)()(/)()1()())()((pDWqrDWqrdxxfpxDwqwwm∂∂/p))(/)1(()/()1(pDqrFwqwr-⋅∂∂⋅-+∫--)(/)()(/)()1()()(pDWqpDwqrdxxFrDwqcwqwwq∂∂⋅-∂∂⋅+=/)()/()())(/)(()/(pDwqFwqw⋅∂∂⋅-24(4)(5)w*3.2.2r(6)(6)w*wqcwqwwq∂∂⋅-∂∂⋅+=/)()/()()/())(2/)(()1(2wqpDwqwr∂∂⋅⋅⋅-+wqcwq22/)()/(2∂∂⋅-∂∂⋅=)/())(2/)((wqpDwqw∂∂⋅⋅-))(4/()(2pDwq⋅-))(4/())(()1(22pDwqr⋅⋅-+22)/())(2/()2(wqpDwrr∂∂⋅⋅⋅-+))(/)(()/()2(2pDwqwqrr⋅∂∂⋅-+∫∫∞⋅+⋅=)(/0)(/)()()(pDqpDqdxxfqpdxxxfpDp∫-+⋅-)(/)1(0)(pDqrdxxrqfwqw∫--+)(/)(/)1()())((pDqpDqrdxxfpxDqwwm∂∂/pwm22/∂∂p25prp*r*r*p*r*p*3.3SkieraSpann(1999)3.3.1Tellis(1988)19611985meta-analysis4240/=∂∂prp0/=∂∂rrp0222222∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂rrprrrprprppppHessianmatrix=022∂∂prp(7)262)(-=wwqa-1.76-2-1.76-2for0(8)w(9)w*=(10)w(11)(12)w*(12)w*(10)(6)r=(13)(13)r(14)(13)p=∂∂wm/p))(4/()2(3)(2(224pDrrqwcww-+---aa2)(/)2(6))((9)(32)(/)2(6)((9)(32222pDrrqcqcwpDrrqcqc--+≤≤---aa)(4)2()(43*221*4*22*pDwrrwpDpwpw-----+--aaaa0)(4)2(33235)(22*221*3*21*=---++-----pDwrrwpDpwpwaaaaa=∂∂wm22/p)(/)2(3)(6225243pDrrwqcww-+----aaa2)(/)2(3))((4)(222pDrrqcqc--+a27mwawq-=)((15)(14)(15)r*p*pr(7)(13)(concavefunction)prACase1r=0r=0p*Case2r=1r=1p*Case30r1(14)(15)3.3.2fora,m0(16)(16)(2)w(17)w*=0))((43)(424*24*22*=-----pDpwpDpwwaaa=∂∂wm