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13-1.物质的体积膨胀系数和等温压缩系数k的定义分别为:1PVVT,1TVkVP。试导出服从VanderWaals状态方程的和k的表达式。解:Vanderwaals方程2RTaPVbV由Z=f(x,y)的性质1yxzzxyxyz得1TPVPVTVTP又232TPaRTVVVbVPRTVb所以2321PaRTVVbVTRVb3232PRVVbVTRTVaVb故22312PRVVbVVTRTVaVb222312TVVbVkVPRTVaVb3-2.某理想气体借活塞之助装于钢瓶中,压力为34.45MPa,温度为93℃,反抗一恒定的外压力3.45MPa而等温膨胀,直到两倍于其初始容积为止,试计算此过程之U、H、S、A、G、TdS、pdV、Q和W。解:理想气体等温过程,U=0、H=0∴Q=-W=21112ln2VVVVRTpdVpdVdVRTV=2109.2J/mol∴W=-2109.2J/mol又PPdTVdSCdPTT理想气体等温膨胀过程dT=0、PVRTP∴RdSdPP∴222111lnlnln2SPPPSPSdSRdPRPR=5.763J/(mol·K)AUTS=-366×5.763=-2109.26J/(mol·K)GHTSA=-2109.26J/(mol·K)TdSTSA=-2109.26J/(mol·K)21112ln2VVVVRTpdVpdVdVRTV=2109.2J/mol3-3.试求算1kmol氮气在压力为10.13MPa、温度为773K下的内能、焓、熵、VC、pC和自由焓之值。2假设氮气服从理想气体定律。已知:(1)在0.1013MPa时氮的pC与温度的关系为27.220.004187J/molKpCT;(2)假定在0℃及0.1013MPa时氮的焓为零;(3)在298K及0.1013MPa时氮的熵为191.76J/(mol·K)。3-4.设氯在27℃、0.1MPa下的焓、熵值为零,试求227℃、10MPa下氯的焓、熵值。已知氯在理想气体状态下的定压摩尔热容为36231.69610.144104.03810J/molKigpCTT解:分析热力学过程300K0.1MPaH=0S=0,真实气体,HS、500K10MPa,真实气体-H1RH2R-S1RS2R300K0.1MPa,理想气体11HS、500K10MPa,理想气体查附录二得氯的临界参数为:Tc=417K、Pc=7.701MPa、ω=0.073∴(1)300K、0.1MPa的真实气体转换为理想气体的剩余焓和剩余熵Tr=T1/Tc=300/417=0.719Pr=P1/Pc=0.1/7.701=0.013—利用普维法计算01.60.4220.0830.6324rBT02.60.6751.592rrdBTdT14.20.1720.1390.5485rBT15.20.7224.014rrdBTdT又0101RrrrcrrHdBdBPBTBTRTdTdT01RrrrSdBdBPRdTdT代入数据计算得1RH=-91.41J/mol、1RS=-0.2037J/(mol·K)3(2)理想气体由300K、0.1MPa到500K、10MPa过程的焓变和熵变21500362130031.69610.144104.03810TigpTHCdTTTdT=7.02kJ/mol215003621300110ln31.69610.144104.03810ln0.1igTpTCPSdTRTTdTRTP=-20.39J/(mol·K)(3)500K、10MPa的理想气体转换为真实气体的剩余焓和剩余熵Tr=T2/Tc=500/417=1.199Pr=P2/Pc=10/7.701=1.299—利用普维法计算01.60.4220.0830.2326rBT02.60.6750.4211rrdBTdT14.20.1720.1390.05874rBT15.20.7220.281rrdBTdT又0101RrrrcrrHdBdBPBTBTRTdTdT01RrrrSdBdBPRdTdT代入数据计算得2RH=-3.41KJ/mol、2RS=-4.768J/(mol·K)∴H=H2-H1=H2=-1RH+1H+2RH=91.41+7020-3410=3.701KJ/molS=S2-S1=S2=-1RS+1S+2RS=0.2037-20.39-4.768=-24.95J/(mol·K)3-5.试用普遍化方法计算二氧化碳在473.2K、30MPa下的焓与熵。已知在相同条件下,二氧化碳处于理想状态的焓为8377J/mol,熵为-25.86J/(mol·K).解:查附录二得二氧化碳的临界参数为:Tc=304.2K、Pc=7.376MPa、ω=0.225∴Tr=T/Tc=473.2/304.2=1.556Pr=P/Pc=30/7.376=4.067—利用普压法计算查表,由线性内插法计算得出:01.741RcHRT10.04662RcHRT00.8517RSR10.296RSR∴由01RRRcccHHHRTRTRT、01RRRSSSRRR计算得:HR=-4.377KJ/molSR=-7.635J/(mol·K)∴H=HR+Hig=-4.377+8.377=4KJ/molS=SR+Sig=-7.635-25.86=-33.5J/(mol·K)3-8.试估算纯苯由0.1013MPa、80℃的饱和液体变为1.013MPa、180℃的饱和蒸汽时该过程的V、H和S。已知纯苯在正常沸点时的汽化潜热为3.733J/mol;饱和液体在正常沸点下的体积为95.7cm3/mol;定压摩尔热容16.0360.2357J/molKigpCT;第二维里系数2.4310/mol31B=-78cmT。解:1.查苯的物性参数:Tc=562.1K、Pc=4.894MPa、ω=0.27142.求ΔV由两项维里方程2.4321117810PVBPPZRTRTRTT2.46361.013101178100.85978.314104534533.计算每一过程焓变和熵变(1)饱和液体(恒T、P汽化)→饱和蒸汽ΔHV=30733KJ/KmolΔSV=ΔHV/T=30733/353=87.1KJ/Kmol·K(2)饱和蒸汽(353K、0.1013MPa)→理想气体∵点(Tr、Pr)落在图2-8图曲线左上方,所以,用普遍化维里系数法进行计算。由式(3-61)、(3-62)计算R2R1)(-HHHHHHidTidPVRR21)(SSSSSSidTidPV21VVVmolcmPZRTV3216.3196013.1453314.88597.0molcmVVV3125.31007.9516.3196628.01.562353CrTTT0207.0894.41013.0CrPPP00111rc-TRrrrrrHdBBdBBPRTdTTdTT-0.02070.6282.26261.28240.2718.11241.7112=-0.08075∴∴(3)理想气体(353K、0.1013MPa)→理想气体(453K、1.013MPa)212145335316.0361.0130.23578.3140.101345316.0360.235745335319.13538.47idTidPTCPSdTRlnTPdTlnTlnKJKmolK(4)理想气体(453K、1.013MPa)→真实气体(453K、1.013MPa)点(Tr、Pr)落在图2-8图曲线左上方,所以,用普遍化维里系数法进行计算。由式(3-61)、(3-62)计算∴10.08078.314562.1RH-377.13KJKmol011-RrrrSdBdBPRdTdT-0.02072.26260.2718.1124-0.092341-0.092348.314RS0.7677KJKmolK214533532216.0360.2350.235716.036453353453353211102.31TididPPTHCdTTdTKJKmol806.01.562453rT2070.0894.4013.1rPR0011rc-TrrrrrHdBBdBBPRTdTTdTT-0.8060.20701.18260.51290.2712.21610.2863-0.3961R01-rrrSdBdBPRdTdT-0.20701.18260.2712.2161-0.369121850.73RHKJKmol23.0687RSKJKmolK64.求3-10.一容器内的液体水和蒸汽在1MPa压力下处于平衡状态,质量为1kg。假如容器内液体和蒸汽各占一半体积,试求容器内的液体水和蒸汽的总焓。解:查按压力排列的饱和水蒸汽表,1MPa时,根据题意液体和蒸汽各占一半体积,设干度为x则解之得:所以3-13.试采用RK方程求算在227℃、5MPa下气相正丁烷的剩余焓和剩余熵。解:查附录得正丁烷的临界参数:Tc=425.2K、Pc=3.800MPa、ω=0.193又R-K方程:0.5RTaPVbTVVb∴22.50.42748ccRTaP22.560.5268.314425.20.4274829.043.810PamKmol0.08664ccRTbP53168.314425.20.086648.06103.810mmol∴650.558.314500.1529.045108.0610500.158.0610VVV试差求得:V=5.61×10-4m3/mol∴558.06100.143856.110bhV1.551.529.043.8748.06108.314500.15AaBbRT∴110.14383.8740.6811110.143810.1438AhZhBh33762.81/2778.1/1.1273/194.4/lglgHkJkgHkJkgVcmgVcmg1glxVxV194.411.1273xx0.577%x10.005772778.110.00577672.81774.44/glHxHxHkJkgSH,KmolKJHHHHHHidTidPV7.40361)(RR21R2R1)(SSSSSSidTidPV
本文标题:化工热力学答案(3章)
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