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当前位置:首页 > 中学教育 > 初中教育 > 初中英语被动语态专项讲解
初中英语被动语态专项讲解一、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式,表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者(或执行者)eg:ManypeoplespeakChinese.谓语:speak的动作是由主语manypeople来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。eg:Chineseisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者。二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。(被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成。)各种时态的被动语态构成:1.一般现在时:am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词Eg:I'maskedtotakecareofmyself.Footballisplayedallovertheworld2.一般过去时:was/were+及物动词的过去分词Eg:Thishousewasbuiltin1958.Hislegwasbrokeninanaccident.3.一般将来时:will/shallbe+及物动词的过去分词Eg:Morefactorieswillbebuiltinourcity.Hewillbetakentohospitaltomorrow.4.现在进行时:am/is/arebeing+及物动词的过去分词.Eg:Aroadisbeingbuiltaroundthemountain.Manynewhousesarebeingbuiltinthiscity5.过去进行时:was/werebeing+及物动词的过去分词Eg:ThemeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.Wewerebeingtrainedthistimelastyear.6.现在完成时:have/hasbeen+及物动词的过去分词Eg:Hisbookhasbeentranslatedintomanyforeignlanguages.Thepricesofmanygoodshavebeencutagain.7.过去完成时:hadbeen+及物动词的过去分词Eg:Anewschoolhadbeensetupbytheendoflastyear.8.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Eg:Therubbishcanbeputintothedustbinoverthere.三、被动语态的基本用法一般来说,在我们日常生活中,能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态。只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态:1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。eg:1).Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。2).Thisbridgewasfoundedin1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。3).Thefrontwindowintheclassroomwasbrokenyesterday.昨天,教室的前窗被打2.没不要说出动作的执行者是谁。Eg:1).Thetime-tablehasbeenchanged.时间表已变动了2).Chinawasfoundedin1949.3.不愿意说出动作的执行者,其目的是为了使语言得体、圆滑等。在这种情况下,有时常用一些句式,如Itissaidthat…(据说……),Itisreportedthat…(据报道……),Itiswellknownthat…(众所周知……)Itissupposedthat(据推测说……),Itisbelievedthat…大家相信,Itishopedthat…大家希望,Itisthoughtthat…大家认为,Itissuggestedthat…据建议等等’。eg:1.Itissaidthatsheisgoingtobemarriedtoaforeigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人。2.Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.(=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.)4.强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。Eg:1).TheglasswasbrokenbyMike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。2).hisbookwaswrittenbyhim.这本书是他写的。3).Yourhomeworkmustbefinishedontime.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。注:使用被动语态的情况口诀:动作谁做的不知道,谁说出的不必要。接受动作需强调,用被动语态最为妙。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法:1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。2.把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。3.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。Heplanttreesinsping.Treesareplantedinspingbyhim.主动语态变被动语态口诀:宾语提前主语变,原主变宾by后见,时态人称be关键。Allthepeoplelaughedathim.→Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople.Theymakethebikesinthefactory.→Thebikesaremadebytheminthefactory.Hecutdownatree.→Atreewascutdownbyhim.被动语态中“by+宾语”的省略:被动语态句式中的“by+宾语”表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者,但是在遇到以下情况时,表示动作执行者“by+宾语”常常被省略。1.动作执行者不确定时Eg:1.Paperismadefromwood.2.Manypeoplearekilledintrafficaccidentseveryday.2.不必表明动作执行者时Eg:1.Englishisalsospokenasthesecondlanguageaswellasoneoftheofficiallanguages.2.Footballisplayedinmostschool.3.动作执行者为一般大众时.Eg:1.BothEnglishandSpanisharespokeninthisarea.2.Heismadethemonitoroftheclasstoday.五.主动语态变被动语态应注意的几个问题:谈谈几种特殊的被动结构1.当句子结构为“主语+谓语+宾语(唯一宾语)”时,把宾语提到句首做主语,然后把谓语改成被动语态形式,最后把原主语变为宾格至于介词by之后。实际运用中by短语常被省略。Eg:1.Wefinishourhomeworkintheevening.2.Ourhomeworkisfinishedintheevening.2.当句子结构为“主语+谓语+间接宾语(表示人的)+直接宾语(表示物的)”时,一般把间接宾语变为主语,而直接宾语不变,这样句子显得自然些。如果把直接宾语作为主语,那么在间接宾语前应加介词to或for.Eg:1.Shesentmeanovelonmybirthday.(主动)→Iwassentanovelonmybirthday.(被动)Anovelwassenttomeonmybirthday.(被动)2.Mybrotherboughtmeawatchyesterday.(主动)→Iwasboughtawatchyesterday.(被动)Awatchwasboughtformebymybrotheryesterday.(被动)注意:1).间接宾语前需要加for的动词,buy,sing,catch,find,get,drow,cook,keep,make,offer等。2).间接宾语前需要加to的动词,bring,give,pass,hand,leave,show,write,take,teach,tell,thow,lend,send,return等3.当句子结构为“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”把主动态变成被动态时,只需将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态句子的主语,而原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的主语补足语了eg:1.Theyaskedmetohelpthem.→Iwasaskedtohelpthem.2.Nowpeoplecanusecomputerstohelpthem→.comoutercanbeusedtohelpthem.3.Wemustkeeptheroomclean.→Theroommustbekeptclean.4.Wesawthemcomingover.→Theywereseencomingover.如果复合宾语是由“宾语+不带to的动词不定式”构成,变为被动语态时,动词不定式前的to要补出来。常见的这类动词有:一感(feel),二听(hear,listento)三让(let,make,have)四看(watch,see,notice,observe,+lookat)但动词为let时,to仍可省略。Eg:1.Thestorymadeuslaugh.→Weweremadetolaughbythestory.2.Theteacherletthelittleboygohome.→Thelittleboywaslet(to)gohome.4.含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动语态变成被动语态时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。Eg:Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.→Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Theyshoulddoitatonce.→Itshouldbedoneatonce.Therubbishcanbeputintothedustbinoverthere.5.短语动词的被动语态:一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但许多“不及物动词+副词或介词”构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,也可以有被动语态,但变被动语态后,不可把介词或副词漏掉。Eg:1.Heturnedontheradiojustnow.→Theradiowasturnedonjustnow.2.Theytakegoodcareofthebabies.→Thebabiesaretakencareof.3.Thelookafterthebabies.→Thebabiesarelookedafter.6.含有宾语从句的主动语态改为被动语态时,有两种改写方法:1).用it做被动语态的形式主语,宾语从句保持不变.2).将主动句中的宾语从句的主语改为被动语态的主语,从句的谓语部分变为不定式。这时的动词不定式所用的形式要与原来的宾语从句保持一致。Eg:Theysaythatourteacherisbusythesedays.→Itissaidthatourteacherisbusythesedays.Ourteacherissaidtobebusythesedays.7.如果原句宾语有后置定语修饰,变为被动语态时,应把后置修饰语随同宾语一同提前。Eg:wecleanthewindowsofourclassroomeveryday.→Thewindowsofourclassroomarecleanedeveryday.8.如果原句主语不是动作的执行者,而是所使用的物质材料,变被动语态时要用介词with.Eg:smokefilledtheroom.→Theroomwasfilledwithsmoke.9.by短语的取舍:1).当主动句中的主语是people,one,we,they等泛指性动词时,变为被动语态后,by短语通常省略。Eg:weoftenspeakEnglishinourEnglishclass.→Englishisoftenspoken(byus)ino
本文标题:初中英语被动语态专项讲解
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