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目录一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态)...................................................2二、不定式..................................................................................................6三、动词的时态和语态...........................................................................30一般现在时的特例.......................................................................................30一般过去时的注意点...................................................................................31一般将来时的注意点...................................................................................31四、非谓语动词........................................................................................32五、复合式谓语........................................................................................42六、动词的虚拟语气................................................................................46七、状语从句............................................................................................511、时间状语从句.........................................................................................512.地点状语从句............................................................................................533、原因状语从句.........................................................................................534.条件状语从句.........................................................................................545.让步状语从句.........................................................................................556.目的状语从句.........................................................................................557.结果状语从句.........................................................................................568.方式状语从句.........................................................................................57一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态)•主语subject谓语predicate宾语object宾语补足语objectcomplement表语predictive定语attributive状语adverbialWARM-UP:1)Theteacherintheclassroom.2)Sangmanysongsanddancedhappily.3)Sheattracts.4)Manypeoplelivinginthecountry.5)Allthebooksonthedeskoverthere.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)I.八大成分的概念和构成1.主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。Ifyouwanttherainbowyouhavetoputupwiththerain.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。Thesecretofsuccessistostartfromscratchandkeeponscratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见)形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)2.谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。Ihaveadream.Youdon’talwayswantwhatyouneed,orneedwhatyouwant.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)3.宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。Youdon’tfindopportunities…youmakethem.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。Youprobablywon’thearopportunityknockifyourtelevisionisalwayson.如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)4.表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Timeismoney.Threeo’clockisalwaystoolateortooearlyforanythingyouwanttodo.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词11)名词从句5.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句主语补语Tomwasmademonitor.宾语补语ImadeTommonitor.表语补语Iamsuretosucceed.6.定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。Thisisbeautifulmusic.Thereareonlytwokindsofmusic…goodandbad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句7.同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff,themagicdragon,livedbythesea.构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句8.状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。Canyoufeelthelovetonight?Homeneverlookssogoodaswhenyoucomebackfromgettingawayfromit.只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。Firstcomesspring,thensummer.I’veneverbeentoAmerica,thereforeIdon’tknowmuchaboutit.3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。Franklyspeaking,thefoodisnotverygood.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块,主谓宾表真呀真实在;补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位(语)专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少,前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP)II.成分关系1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。Toloveothersmakesushappy…toloveourselvesmakesuslonely.(宾补)Wearemadehappytoloveothers…wearemadelonelytoloveourselves.(主补)爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:定语,同位语修饰名词性形式Experienceisthebestteacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)TheyaregoingtoMelbourne,thebeautifulcityinsouthernAustralia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)3.谓语动词由状语修饰Whenyoureachforthestars,youmaynotquitegetone,butyouwon’tcomeupwithahandfulofsandeither.你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。1、主语:(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如:Thepainterpaintedaverynicepicture.(画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)/TheyfoughtagainstSARSbravely.(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)/Toseeistobelieve.(耳听为虚眼见为实)./Helpinganimalsistohelppeople.(帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:ItisverycomfortabletohaveaClassAseatduringthelongjourney.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。)/Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(=Itisbadforyourhealtheatingtoomuch.)(吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(Itis)nothing.((那)没有什么。)/(It)doesn’tmatter.((那)没有关系。)/(I)thankyou.((我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:Themanlooksworried,doesn’the?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗?)/Tigersaredangerousanimals,aren’tthey?(老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keepthekeyboardsclean,children.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语)/Yougothereandfetchmeaglassofwater.(你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及therebe句型主语在动词之后。如:Computersaremadeinthisfactory.(计算机生产于这家工厂。)/Wherearethey?(他们
本文标题:专升本考试英语语法总结
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