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乔布斯不为人知的另一面文章来源|纽约时报作者|JOENOCERATherelationshipbetweenjournalistsandSteveJobscouldoftenbefraught,buttherewerealwaysahandfulofreportershelikedandtrusted.TheyincludedJohnMarkoffofTheNewYorkTimes;StevenLevy,formerlyofWiredmagazine(he’snowatMedium);WaltMossberg,thelongtimetechnologycolumnistforTheWallStreetJournal(he’snowatRe/code);andBrentSchlenderofFortune.Theyhadallbeenonthetechnologybeatseeminglyforever,andtheyhadknownJobsfordecades.史蒂夫·乔布斯(SteveJobs)与记者之间的关系常常糟糕,不过也有一些记者,一直受到了他的喜爱和尊重。其中包括《纽约时报》的约翰·马科夫(JohnMarkoff);曾供职于《连线》杂志的史蒂文·列维(StevenLevy),现在他在Medium;长期在《华尔街日报》(WallStreetJournal)写科技专栏的沃尔特·莫斯伯格(WaltMossberg),现在他在Re/code;以及《财富》(Fortune)杂志的布伦特·施伦德(BrentSchlender)。他们好像一直都在跑科技口,都和乔布斯打了几十年的交道。AsSchlenderwritesin“BecomingSteveJobs,”theforthcomingbookheco-authoredwithRickTetzeli,hefirstmetJobsinApril1986,eightmonthsaftertheAppleco-founderhadbeenoustedbyJohnSculley,thenApple’schiefexecutive.Jobs,whohadstartedanewcompanycalledNeXT,was31.Schlender,whohadjustjoinedTheWallStreetJournal’sSanFranciscobureau,was32.施伦德在与里克·特策利(RickTetzeli)合著的新书《成为乔布斯》(BecomingSteveJobs)中写道,他第一次遇到乔布斯是1986年4月,八个月前苹果公司的这位联合创始人被时任CEO约翰·斯卡利(JohnSculley)赶走了。当时,乔布斯创办了一家名为NeXT的新公司,时年31岁。施伦德则刚加入《华尔街日报》的旧金山分社,当时32岁。Duringthenextquartercentury,Schlenderconducted“morethan150interviewsandinformalconversations”withJobs.HewrotecoverstoriesforFortuneaboutApple,someofwhichJobsliked,andsomeofwhichhehated.Onoccasion,hevisitedJobsathishomeinPaloAlto,Calif.Whatbeganasasubject-journalistrelationshipevolvedintosomethingdeeper—“along,complicatedandmostlyrewardingrelationship,”asSchlendercharacterizesitinthebook.在接下来的四分之一个世纪里,施伦德和乔布斯有过“超过150次采访和非正式谈话”。他为《财富》撰写过关于苹果的封面报道,其中一些让乔布斯喜欢,另一些则让乔布斯厌恶。有时,他前往乔布斯位于加州帕洛阿尔托的家中拜访。最初采访对象和记者的关系,变得更加深入,成了“一种漫长、复杂,但大体有益的关系”,施伦德在书中这样形容道。SoitisnotahugesurprisethatSchlender—andhisfriendTetzeli,aformerFortunedeputymanagingeditor—wouldseeJobsinadifferentlightthanmost.(Disclosure:IworkedwithSchlenderandTetzeliduringmydecadeatFortune.)AfterJobsdied,theywrite,thecoveragereflected“stagnantstereotypes.”Ontheonehand,“Stevewasageniuswithaflairfordesign,”whosepowersofpersuasionweresuchthathecouldconvincepeoplethatthesunroseinthewestandsetintheeast.Ontheotherhand,hewasalso“apompousjerk,”whohumiliatedemployeesand“disregardedeveryoneelseinhissingle-mindedpursuitofperfection.”所以,施伦德和他的朋友特策利(前《财富》杂志执行副主编)对乔布斯的看法与多数人不同,也不太出人意料了。(我承认,我在《财富》的十年里,曾与施伦德和特策利共事。)乔布斯去世后,他们写道,报道反映了“僵化的印象”。一方面,“史蒂夫是一个有设计品位的天才”,他的说服力很强,以至于能让人相信太阳从西边升起,在东边落下。另一方面,他也是一个“自负的混蛋”,羞辱同事,“偏执地追求完美,无视其他任何人。”ItisSchlender’sandTetzeli’scontentionthatJobswasafarmorecomplexandinterestingmanthanthehalf-genius/half-jerkstereotype,andagoodpartoftheirbookisanattempttocraftamoreroundedportrait.Whatmakestheirbookimportantisthattheyalsocontend—persuasively,Ibelieve—that,thestereotypenotwithstanding,hewasnotthesamemaninhisprimethathehadbeenatthebeginningofhiscareer.Thecallow,impetuous,arrogantyouthwhoco-foundedApplewasverydifferentfromthematureandthoughtfulmanwhoreturnedtohisstrugglingcreationandturneditintoacompanythatmadebreathtakingproductswhilebecomingthedominanttechnologycompanyofourtime.Hadhenotchanged,theywrite,hewouldnothavesucceeded.施伦德和特策利认为,乔布斯远非一半天才一半混蛋的惯常形象,而是一个远更复杂而有趣的人。两人的书中用了很多笔墨尝试勾画出一幅更全面的形象。他们的书之所以重要,还在于他们也提出,尽管形成了刻板印象,但巅峰时期的乔布斯和事业刚开始时,并不是同一个人——在我看来他们的论述很有说服力。共同创立苹果的那个稚嫩、鲁莽、傲慢的年轻人,与危难之时回归苹果的那个成熟、多思的男人之间,有很大的不同。他回到自己缔造的公司之后,将它转变成了一家能够造出慑人心魄的产品的企业,这家公司已经成为了我们这个时代主导的科技企业。他们写道,如果他没有转变,可能就不会成功。ForSchlenderandTetzeli,thecrucialperiodwasthemostoverlookedpartofJobs’scareer:Theyearsfrom1985to1997,whenhewasinexilefromAppleandrunningNeXT.Asabusiness,NeXTwasafailure.Begunasacompanythatwasgoingtobringaffordableyetsuperiorcomputerstothehighereducationmarket,iteventuallyhadtoabandonthehardwaresideofthebusinessandbecomeapuresoftwarecompany.ThepointthatisnormallymadeaboutNeXTisthatwhenJobsreturnedtoApple,hebroughtwithhimtheNeXTSTEPoperatingsystem,whichbecamethefoundationforanewgenerationofMacsandwasacriticalcomponentofthecompany’srevival.在施伦德和特策利看来,这段关键的时期是他职业生涯中最被忽视的部分。从1985年到1997年,那时他被苹果放逐,于是转而经营NeXT。作为一家企业,NeXT并不成功。这家公司的目标是将出色但廉价的电脑,推向高等教育市场,但最后不得不放弃硬件业务,成为了一家纯软件公司。关于NeXT人们经常谈到的是,乔布斯回到苹果之后,将NeXTSTEP操作系统带了过来。这个系统成了新一代Mac的根基,也成了公司起死回生的关键因素。Everybitasimportant,though,wasthatJobsbroughthiscoregroupofexecutiveswithhimtoApple,andtheystayedwithhimforyears.AtthesametimehewasrunningNeXT,JobsalsoownedPixar,theanimationstudioheboughtfromGeorgeLucas.IttookyearsbeforePixarcameoutwithitsfirstfull-lengthmovie,“ToyStory.”Duringthattime,hesawhowEdCatmull,Pixar’spresident,managedthecompany’screativetalent.CatmulltaughtJobshowtomanageemployees.不过,同样重要的是,乔布斯把麾下一群核心的高管也带到了苹果,他们追随乔布斯很多年。与此同时,他也在经营NeXT,而且他同时也拥有从乔治·卢卡斯(GeorgeLucas)手中购买的动画工作室皮克斯(Pixar)。皮克斯花了很多年,才推出了第一部全长电影《玩具总动员》(ToyStory)。在那段时间,他了解了皮克斯总裁艾德·卡特姆(EdCatmull)管理公司创意人才的方式。是卡特姆教会了乔布斯,要怎么管理员工。WhenJobsreturnedtoApple,hewasmorepatient—withpeopleandwithproducts.Hischarismastilldrewpeopletohim,buthenolongerdrovethemawaywithhisabrasivebehaviorandimpossibledemands.Hehadalsolearnedthathisideasweren’talwaystherightones,andheneededtolistentoothers.乔布斯回到苹果后变得更有耐心了,对人
本文标题:乔布斯不为人知的另一面
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