2015年职称英语综合类教材新增文章(汇总整理)

2015年职称英语综合类教材新增第二部分阅读判断第九篇WhatIsaDream？（B级）Forcenturies，peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others，however，thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact，manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson‘smindandemotions.Beforemoderntimes，manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.Itwasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.TheAustrianpsychologist，SigmundFreud1，wasprobablythefirstpersontostudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook，TheinterpretationofDreams（1900），Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofaperson‘swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings，thoughts，andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJung2wasonceastudentofFreud‘s.Jung，however，hadadifferentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample，peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand，peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.Modern-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample，psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCalifornia，SantaCruz，believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoaperson‘sdailylife，thoughts，andbehavior.Acriminal，forexample，mightdreamaboutcrime.Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff，dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample，thepeopleinmen‘sdreamsareoftenothermen，andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.3Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefrom11culturesaroundtheworld，includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves？Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However，onethingtheyagreeonthis：Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur，youshouldn‘tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning，butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It’simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.词汇：psychologistn.心理学家psychiatristn.精神病学家（医生）Austrianadj.奥地利的gendern.性别注释：1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（1856—1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。2.CarlJung：卡尔荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。3.Forexample，thepeopleinmen‘sdreamsareoftenothermen，andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。练习：1.Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned2.AccordingtoFreud，peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned3.Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned4.Inthepast，peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned5.AccordingtoDomhoff，babiesdonothavethesameabilitytodreamasadultsdo.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned6.Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned7.Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned答案与题解1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感活动。2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思维和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.（荣格认为，梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。4.C文中没有提及。5.A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，他认为做梦也是一项心智机能，需要随着年龄增长而发展。6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。第十一篇StageFright1（A级）Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoldtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic，2Mr.Feltsmansaid，”Allmyfrightwasgone.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen？”Today，musicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthatdealwithperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearntofightstagefrightanditssymptoms：icyfingers，shakylimbs，racingheart，blankmind.3Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice，frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout，4tomentaldiscipline，suchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don‘tdenythatyou’rejittery，theyurge；someexcitementisnatural，evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoften，simplyfortheexperience.PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggestssomestrategiesforthemomentsbeforeperformance，“Taketwodeepabdominalbreaths，openupyourshoulders，thensmile，‘’shesays.”Andnotoneofthese‘pleasedon’tkillme‘smiles.Thenchoosethreefriendlyfacesintheaudience，peopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusicto，andmakeeyecontactwiththem.“Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudienceasajudge.Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenattherootofstagefright，sa