语用学Deixis

DeixisCONTENT•Exercise•Thenotionofdeixis•DeicticusageVSnon-deicticusage•DifferentusagesofdeictictermsEXERCISE•a.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.•Flyingplanescanbeplanesthatareflying.飞行中的飞机是危险的。•Toflytheplaneisadangerousbehavior.飞飞机是一件危险的事。•b.Shootingofhuntersiscruel.•Shootinganimalsisacruelbehavior.•Shootinghuntersisacruelbehavior.•c.It’sthetaste.•It’sthetasteIlike•It’sthetasteIdislike.NOTION•Deixis,derivedfromGreek,means“show”,“point”or“indicate”inEnglish.•Itisusedtorefertothefunctionthatcertainlexemesandgrammaticalmeanshaveinlanguagecommunication.•Theyarecalleddeicticforms,deicticexpressions,deictics,indexicals(指引语)orindexicalexpressions.TYPESSpacedeixisTimedeixisPersondeixisSocialdeixisDiscoursedeixis•(1)Persondeixis:me,you,himandthem.•(2)Timedeixis:now,then,tonight,lastweek.•(3)Space/spatial/placedeixis:here,there,nearby.•(4)Discoursedeixis:话语指示语Intheprevious/nextparagraph,orHaveyouheardthisjoke?•(5)Socialdeixis:honorifics敬语(formstoshowrespectsuchasProfessorLi)•BigSaleTomorrow.•Deixisbelongstopragmaticstudysinceitrevealsaverycloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandcontext.DeicticNon-Deictic•Bydeicticusage,itmeanstheinterpretationandunderstandingofdeicticexpressionscanonlybemadeclearwithreferencetoutterancecontext.•Bynon-deicticusage,itmeanstheinterpretationandunderstandingofdeicticexpressionsdonotneedtorefertoutterancecontext.•Lookatthepictureinpage24andanswerthequestions.•a.Whatisonthefootballplayer’sright?•b.Whatistotherightofthefootballplayers?ANALYSIS•a.Thereferencepointisfixedanddoesnotneedtorefertothelocationoftheutteranceorthespeaker’spositionwiththepicture.•b.thedeicticexpressionisindeicticusagebecausethereferenceisbasedoneitherthespeakerortheaddressee(whoislookingatthepicture).•Thatistosay,thedeicticexpressionisspecifiedandinterpretedeitherfromthespeaker’sperspectiveortheaddressee’sperspective.Betweendeicticandnon-deicticusages,theformeristhefocusofpragmaticsbecauseitshowshowcontexthelpspeopletounderstandandspecifydeicticinformation.DifferentUsages•Deicticusage•(1)specificusage•(2)gesturalusage•(3)symbolicusage•(4)non-calendricalusage•Non-deicticusage•(1)genericusage•(2)calendricalusage•(3)anaphoricusage