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30Lecture5Translationsincethe1949建国以后的翻译SincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,translationinChinahasenteredaperiodofprosperity.Ofthenumerousundertakingsawaitingtoberevived,translationwasoneofthetoppriorities.Theconstructionoftranslationtheorieswassoonplacedintheagenda.AndthepersonwhodeliveredthemostpapersandairedthemostprofoundviewsontranslationwasDongQiusi(董秋斯).新中国成立以后百业待兴,翻译工作自然是其中之一。有关翻译理论的建设工作,很快被提上议事日程,而最初在这方面发表议论较多、较深刻的,当推董秋斯。董秋斯(1899-1969),awriterandtranslator.Themostoutstandingcontributionhehasevermadeishispropositioninunequivocaltermsonthebuildingoftranslationtheoriesandhisvigorousadvocacyoftranslationcriticism.董秋斯在50年代译学界的突出贡献,是最早明确地强调了翻译理论的建设问题,并大力提倡开展翻译批评。Heissuedaseriesoftreatises,pointingouttheproblemsexistingintheprevioustranslationandtheunhealthyphenomenonintranslationcriticism.Hecalledforhealthytranslationcriticismandthebuildingofacompletesystemoftranslationtheoriesbasingonthecollecting,editing,anddevelopingoftheviewsoftranslationbypredecessors.他发表一系列的文章,指出以往翻译中存在的缺点,翻译批评中的不良现象等,提倡健康的翻译批评,指出必须在收集、整理、发展前辈翻译言论的基础上,建立完备的翻译理论体系。In1951,DongQiusideliveredapaperinTranslators’Journalentitled“Onbuildingourtranslationtheories”,discussinghisideasthat“translationisascience”andputtingforwardfirmlyhispropositionthatthescienceoftranslationshallbeestablished.董秋斯在《翻译通报》上发表《论翻译的理论建设》一文。文中明确论述了“翻译是一种科学”的观点,明确提出建立翻译学的主张。Thecentralviewsofhispapersare:1.Translationisasciencegovernedbyobjectivelawsratherthansomethingdependingentirelyongeniusandinspirations.(1)翻译是一种科学,有一定的客观规律可循,并不完全依靠所谓天才和灵感。2.Thescienceoftranslationshallbeconstructedasasystemoftheories;(2)强调把翻译科学作为一个理论体系来加以建设;3.Itisofgreatsignificancetoformulatetranslationtheories;(3)阐述了建构翻译理论的意义;4.Twomajorbooksshallbewrote——AChineseHistoryofTranslationandAChineseScienceofTranslation——torealizethepropositionthattranslationisascience.(4)提出要首先完成《中国翻译史》和《中国翻译学》两部大书,来实现翻译是一种科学的命题。Theseviewswereoriginalandepoch-makingbothathomeandabroadatthattime.ButastranslationtheorieshadbeenattachedlittleimportancebytheChinesetranslationcirclethroughoutthehistory,theydidnotreceivedueattention.这些观点在当时国内外均属创新,具有划时代意义。然而由于中国翻译界长期忽视理论的指导作用,并没有引起译界的足够重视。MaoDun茅盾(1896-1981)Awriter,translatorandaprecursorinNeo-LiteratureMovement.文学家、翻译家、新文学运动的先驱31Hetranslatedalargenumberofliteraryworksbymorethan40writersfrom23countries.Someofthewritershetranslatedare:AntonChekhov;Gorky;Maupassant;Ibsen,etc.契诃夫;高尔基;莫泊桑等Masterworksoftranslations:《在家里》《他的仆》、《日落》、《万卡》、《情人》、《一段弦线》、《社会柱石》等。TranslationtheoriesofMaoDun:1.Thetheoryof“subtlespiritinliterarytranslation”一.神韵说Asearlyasthe1920s,MaoDunproposedthetheoryof“subtlespirit”,beingthefirstinthemodernChinesetranslationhistory.上世纪二十年代初在中国近代翻译史上第一个提出“神韵”理论的人。Therelationsbetweenmorphologyandthesubtlespiritofaliterarywork:形貌与神韵的关系:在神韵与形貌未能两全的时候……觉得与其失神韵而留形貌,还不如形貌上有些差异而保留神韵。……文学的功用在感人,而感人的力量恐怕还是寓于神韵的多而寄在形貌的少;译本如不能保留原本的神韵难免要失了许多的感人力量。(王秉钦,2005:219)2.Thetheoryofartisticallycreativetranslation(proposedafterthefoundingofPRC)二.艺术创造性翻译(意境论):建国以后“文学翻译是用另一种语言,把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。”(王秉钦,2005:221)“好的翻译者一方面阅读外国文字,一方面却以本国的语言进行思索和想象;只有这样才能使自己的译文摆脱原文的语法和语汇特殊性的拘束,使译文即是纯粹的祖国语言,而又忠实地传达了原作的内容和风格。”(陈福康,2005:377)WhilereadingtheforeignlanguageintheST,agoodtranslatethinkandimagineinhisownlanguage;onlyinthiswaycanhefreehimselffromtherestraintsoftheSLgrammaranduniqueexpressions,i.e.histranslationisnotonlyinthepurelanguageofhisowncountrybutfaithfultotheboththecontentandthestyleoftheST.3.Translationandcreativewritingareequallyimportant三.翻译与创作并重“翻译的困难,实在不下于创作。第一,要翻译一部作品,先须明了作者的思想;还不够,更须真能领会到原作上的美妙;还不够,自己走入原作中,和书中人物一同哭,一同笑。已经这样彻底咀嚼了原作了,于是第二,尚须译者自己具有表达原作风格的一副笔墨。”(ibid)“Translationisbynomeanslesschallengingthancreativewriting;perhapsitismuchmoreso.Inthefirstplace,totranslateawork,onemustgraspthewriter’sideasbeforehedoesanythingelse.Butthisisnotenough;onemustalsobefullycapableofappreciatingtheartisticbeautyoftheoriginal.…Yet,eventhisisnotenough;onemustalsoentertheworkinperson,asitwere,toweepandlaughwithitscharacters.Onlyaftertheoriginalhasbeenthoroughlychewedoverinthisway,canonetalkaboutthesecondrequirement:thetranslationmusthavethelanguagetogetthestyleoftheoriginalacross”.FuLei傅雷(1908—1966)Translator,writer,artist,andeducator.HeintroducedthemasterpiecesofRomanRolland,Balzac,Voltair,andProsperMérimée,thegreatmastersintheFrenchworldofletters,totheChinesereaders.Hewasalsoanauthorityin32translatingFrenchliterature,Balzacinparticular.法国文坛巨匠罗曼•罗兰、巴尔扎克、伏尔泰、梅里美.Famoustranslations:《高老头》、《欧也妮•葛朗台》(巴尔扎克),《约翰克里斯朵夫》(罗曼罗兰),《幸福之路》(罗素)FuLei’stranslationideas:1.EmphasizingthoroughunderstandingoftheST“事先阅读原著,不厌求详,尤为要著。任何作品,不精读四五遍决不动笔,是为译事基本法门。第一要求将原作(连同思想,感情,气氛,情调等等)化为我有,方能谈到迻译。平日除钻研外文外,中文亦不可忽视……充实词汇,熟悉吾国固有句法及行文习惯……总之译事……要以艺术修养为根本:无敏感之心灵,无热烈之同情,无适当之鉴赏力,无相当之社会经验,无充分之常识(即所谓杂学),势难彻底理解原作,即或理解,亦未为能深切领悟。”(陈福康:2005:389)Translationislikesilkwormsspinningsilk,chewingthemulberryleaveandspittingsilkratherthandregs.Therefore,onlywhenonehasthoroughlyunderstoodthesourcetextandinternalizedit,canoneembarkoncreativetranslationtoproduceanotherpieceofartinsteadofdross.2.Seekingafterresemblanceinspiritra
本文标题:08第五讲建国以后的翻译王佐良
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