08考研英语模拟试题及答案解析

2008年考研英语模拟试题及答案解析SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）Scientistsandphilosophersofsciencetendtospeakasif“scientificlanguage”wereintrinsicallyprecise，asifthosewhouseitmustunderstandoneanother'smeaning，1theydisagree.But，2，scientificlanguageisnotasdifferentfrom3languageasiscommonlybelieved；it，too，is4toimprecisionandambiguityandhenceto5understanding.Moreover，newtheories（orarguments）arerarely，6，constructedbywayofclear-cutstepsofinduction，deduction，and7（orfalsification）。Neitheraretheydefended，rejected，oracceptedin8straightforwardamanner.9，scientistscombinetherulesofscientific10withagenerousmixtureofintuition，aesthetics，andphilosophical11.Theimportanceofwhataresometimescalledextralogicalcomponentsofthoughtinthediscoveryofanewprincipleorlawsisgenerally12.We13recallEinstein'sdescription：“Totheseelementarylawsthereleadsnologicalpath，14intuition，supportedbybeingsympatheticallyin15withexperience.”Buttheroleoftheseextralogicalcomponentsinpersuasionandacceptance（inmakinganargument16）islessfrequentlydiscussed，partlybecausetheyareless17.Thewaysinwhichthecredibilityoreffectivenessofa18dependsonarealmofcommonexperiences，onextensivepracticeincommunicatingthoseexperiencesinacommonlanguage，arehardtoseepreciselybecausesuch19aretakenforgranted.Onlywhenwestepoutofsucha“consensualdomain”—whenwecanstandoutontheperipheryofa20withacommonlanguage.1［A］evenif［B］unless［C］though［D］if2［A］inquestion［B］inrelief［C］infact［D］inprospect3［A］standard［B］popular［C］vulgar［D］ordinary4［A］susceptible［B］subject［C］immune［D］related5［A］imperfect［B］perfect［C］impersonal［D］personal6［A］ifso［B］ifnotall［C］ifever［D］ifany7［A］verge［B］verification［C］justice［D］certainty8［A］so［B］such［C］too［D］very9［A］Inbrief［B］Inadvance［C］Inpractice［D］Incompany10［A］psychology［B］methodology［C］archaeology［D］theology11［A］community［B］communication［C］committee［D］commitment12［A］acknowledged［B］confessed［C］abandoned［D］refined13［A］may［B］oughtto［C］wereto［D］would14［A］butrather［B］nomorethan［C］butonly［D］lessmorethan15［A］pursuit［B］touch［C］proportion［D］terms16［A］convincing［B］wordy［C］ensured［D］unreasonable17［A］visual［B］informed［C］imaginative［D］visible18［A］statement［B］argument［C］assertion［D］style19［A］commodities［B］commons［C］commonalities［D］commonwealth20［A］community［B］person［C］country［D］nationSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANWERSHEET1.（40points）Text1TheFoodandDrugAdministrationsaidWednesdaythatitistryingtotrackdownasmanyas386pigletsthatmayhavebeengeneticallyengineeredandwrongfullysoldintotheU.S.foodsupply.ThefocusoftheFDAinvestigationispigsraisedbyresearchersattheUniversityofIllinoisinUrbanaChampaign.Theyengineeredtheanimalswithtwogenes：Oneisacowgenethatincreasesmilkproductioninthesow.Theother，asyntheticgene，makesthemilkeasierforpigletstodigest.Thegoalwastoraisebiggerpigsfaster.Therehasbeennoevidencethateithergeneticallyalteredplantsoranimalsactuallytriggerhumanillness，butcriticswarnthatpotentialsideeffectsremainunknown.Universityofficialssaytheirtestsshowedthepigletswerenotbornwiththealteredgenes，butFDArulesrequireeventheoffspringofgeneticallyengineeredanimalstobedestroyedsotheydon'tgetintothefoodsupply.TheFDA，inaquicklyarrangednewsconferenceWednesdaypromptedbyinquiriesbyUSATODAY，saidtheUniversityofIllinoiswillfacepossiblesanctionsandfinesforsellingthepigletstoalivestockbroker，whointurnsellstoprocessingplants.BoththeFDAandtheuniversitysaythepigsthatenteredthemarketdonotposearisktoconsumers.ButtheinvestigationfollowsactionbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureinDecembertofineaTexascompanythatcontaminated500，000bushelsofsoybeanswithcornthathadbeengeneticallyalteredtoproduceavaccineforpigs.Criticsseesuchcasesasevidenceoftheneedformoregovernmentoversightofaburgeoningareaofscientificresearch.“Thisisasmallincident，butit'sincidentlikethisthatcoulddestroyconsumerconfidenceandexportconfidence，”saysStephanieChildsoftheGroceryManufacturersofAmerica.“WealreadyhaveEuropeshakyonbiotech.Thecountriestowhomweexportaregoingtolookatthis.”TheUniversityofIllinoissaysittestedtheDNAofeverypigleteighttimestomakesurethattheanimalhadn'tinheritedthegeneticengineeringofitsmother.Thosepigletsthatdidwereputbackintothestudy.Thosethatdidn'tweresoldtothepigbroker.“Anypigwho'stestednegativeforthegenessince1999hasbeensentofftomarket，”saysCharlesZukoski，vicechancellorforresearch.ButFDAdeputycommissionerLesterCrawfordsaysthatunderthetermsoftheuniversity'sagreementwiththeFDA，theresearcherswereforbiddentoremovethepigletswithoutFDAapproval.“TheUniversityofIllinoisfailedtocheckwithFDAtoseewhetherornottheanimalscouldbesoldontheopenmarket.Andtheywerenottobeusedunderanycircumstanceforfood.”TheFDAisresponsibleforregulatingandoverseeingtransgenicanimalsbecausesuchgeneticmanipulationisconsideredanunapprovedanimaldrug.21.The386pigletswrongfullysoldintofoodsupplyarefrom［A］Europe［B］anAmericanresearchorganization［C］ameatprocessingplant［D］ananimalfarm22.Thepurpos