2011-Coordination of Urbanization and Water Ecolog

Chin.Geogra.Sci.201121(4)476–495doi:10.1007/s11769-011-0489-6:2011-01-10;accepteddate:2011-06-10Foundationitem:UndertheauspicesofNationalScienceandTechnologyMajorProject(No.2009ZX07210),NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.40871261)Correspondingauthor:ZHANGXiang.E-mail:[e-mail]©SciencePress,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,CASandSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011CoordinationofUrbanizationandWaterEcologicalEnvironmentinShayingheRiverBasin,ChinaZHANGXiang1,HUHong2,XUJiangang3,YINHaiwei3(1.SchoolofGeographicandOceanographicSciences,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093,China;2.FacultyofGeosciences,UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht3584CS,theNetherlands;3.SchoolofArchitectureandUrbanPlanning,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093,China)Abstract:DuringtherapidindustrializationandurbanizationofChina,urbanagglomerationinriverbasinareasraisestheproblemsofover-useofwaterresourcesandpollutionofthewaterenvironment.RelatedresearchinChinahasmainlyfocusedontheconflictsamongeconomicgrowth,urbanexpansionandwaterresourceshortageswithinadmin-istrativeboundaries.However,waterenvironmentsaremuchmoredependentontheirphysicalboundariesthantheiradministrativeboundaries.Consistentwiththenatureofwaterenvironment,thisstudyaimsatanalyzingcoordinationrelationshipsbetweenurbandevelopmentandwaterenvironmentchangeswithinphysicalriverbasinboundaries.WechosetheShayingheRiverBasin,China,asourcasestudyareawhichisfacingseriouschallengesrelatedtowateren-vironmentprotection.Thenweclassified35county-leveladministrativeunitsintoupstream,midstreamanddown-streamregionsbasedontheirphysicalcharacteristics;analyzedthecoordinationdegreeofurbanagglomerationusingtheTechniqueforOrderPreferencebySimilaritytoIdealSolution(TOPSIS)method;andconstructedcooperativemodelsusingtheLinearProgramming(LPfunction)tosimulatefourscenariosofthecoordinationrelationshipbe-tweenurbanpopulationincreaseandwaterenvironmentprotectionbasedonexistingwaterresourcesandwaterpollu-tiondata.TheresultsshowthatthepresentcoordinativesituationinShayingheRiverBasinisnotsustainable.Ingen-eral,morethan50%administrativeunitsareinthebadcoordinativesituation.Inparticular,thedownstreamregionisunderworseconditionthantheupstreamandmidstreamregions.Cooperativemodelsinscenarioanalysesindicatethatthepopulationscalesetinexistingurbanmasterplanningsisnotcoordinatedwiththewaterenvironmentprotection.Toreachthegoalofregionalsustainabledevelopment,thetotalpopulationneedstobecontrolledsuchthatitwillre-mainat4.5×107orbelowby2020giventhecapacityofwaterenvironment.Keywords:waterecologicalenvironment;coordinationanalysis;cooperativemodel;urbanagglomeration;ShayingheRiverBasinCitation:ZhangXiang,HuHong,XuJiangang,YinHaiwei,2011.CoordinationofurbanizationandwaterecologicalenvironmentinShayingheRiverBasin,China.ChineseGeographicalScience,21(4):476–495.doi:10.1007/s11769-011-0489-61IntroductionRegionalcoordinationisakeythemeinmodernregio-nalsustainabledevelopment.Intheprocessofrapidin-dustrializationandurbanization,manyChinesecitiesandregionsinriverbasinsarefacingseriousproblemsarisingfrompoorcoordinationamongurbandevelop-ment,waterresourcesutilization,andwaterecologicalenvironmentprotection.Forinstance,morethan300oftheapproximately660citiesinthemainlandofChinahadpoorwaterresourcesin2006,andmorethan100oftheseciteswereinaserioussituationwherethewaterresourcesshortfallamountsto1.6×107m3/d,leadingtoindustrylossesof2.3×1011yuan/yr(BaoandFang,2006);thewaterenvironmenthasbeenpollutedtovari-ousdegreesinurbanareas,threateningthesafetyofCoordinationofUrbanizationandWaterEcologicalEnvironmentinShayingheRiverBasin,China477drinkingwater(PanandWei,2010).Amongdifferenttypesofurbanandregionalareas,urbanagglomerationsinriverbasinshavethemostseriouswaterenvironmentproblems.ExistingstudiesinChinahavenotfullyun-derstoodtheconflictbetweenurbanagglomerationde-velopmentandwaterenvironmentprotectionfromtheriverbasinviewpoint,andconsequently,theyseldomlinktheproblemsofwaterresourcesshortageandwaterenvironmentpollutionwithurbansizeandsocioeco-nomicdevelopment.Therefore,itisdifficulttosolvewaterecologicalproblemsinriverbasinsatthefunda-mentallevel.Moststudiesrelatedtocoordinationofpopulation,economy,andwaterenvironmenthaveproposedstrate-giesofpopulationandeconomicdevelopmentbasedonanalysesoftheecologicalenvironmentalcapacity.Thesestudiesmainlyfocusedonfouraspects:coordinationamongthewaterresources,waterenvironmentandin-dustrialdevelopment(LernerandBarrett,1996;Sha-dananan,2001;FangandQiao,2005;Wangetal.,2008);coordinationamongthewaterresources,waterenvi-ronmentandurbanization(UnitedNationsCentreforHumanSettlements(Habitat)andUnitedNationsEnvi-ronmentProgram,1999;RuthandPaul,2001;YangandDuan,2007);theuseofcoordinationmodelsofpopula-tion,economyandwaterresources,andtheirapplica-tions(Conanetal.,2001;FangandQiao,2005;Fengetal.,2008);andcross-bordercoordinationstudiesofwa-terresourcesandthewaterenvironment(Umesh,1990;TisdellandHarrison,1992;LejanoandClimis,1995;BeckerandEaster,1997;Kauf