新编英语语法教程第五版10 Verb and verb phrase

2020/1/191Lecture10VerbandVerbPhrase2020/1/192TeachingContents10.1Classificationofverbs(I)10.2Classificationofverbs(II)10.3Asurveyoftense,aspect,voiceandmood2020/1/19310.1Classificationofverbs(I)1)MainverbsandauxiliariesAccordingtodifferentrolesplayedinthefomationofverbphraseskverbsaredividedintotwoclasses:mainverbsandauxiliaries.Asweknow,averbphrasemayconsistofamainverbonly;thisiscalledasimpleverbphrase.2020/1/194Averbphrasemayalsotaketheformofaverbprecededbyoneormoreauxiliaries;thisiscalledacomplexverbphrase.Mainverbsarealsocallednotionalverbsfunctioningastheheadandindicatingthebasicmeaningofaverbphrase.2020/1/195Auxiliariesfallintothreecategories:primaryauxiliaries,modalauxiliariesandsemi-auxiliaries.a)Primaryauxiliaries:be,do,have.Withoutlexicalmeaningsoftheirown,theseauxiliarieshaveonlygrammaticalfunctionsorgrammaticalmeanings.Beisusuallyusedtohelpthemainverbtoformtheprogressiveaspectortheexpressivevoice.2020/1/196Auxiliarydoisusedtohelpthemainverbtoexpressnegativemeaningsortoformquestion,andsometimestohelpexpresstheemphaticaffirmative.Thefunctionofauxiliaryhaveistohelpthemainverbtoformtheperfectiveortheperfectiveprogressiveaspect.b)Modalauxiliaries:can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,oughtto,dare,need,usedto.2020/1/197Theyexpressmodalmeanings.Inafiniteverbphrase,wecanuseonlyonemodalauxiliarywhichisinvariablyfollowedbythebareinfinitiveorthebaseform.c)Semi-auxiliaries:haveto,seemto.Theycanhelpthemainverbtoformthecomplexverbphraseandexpressthemodalmeaningontheonehand,andcan,whenprecededbyotherauxiliaries,functionasmainverbsontheother.2020/1/1982)Transitiveverbs,intransitiveverbsandlinkingverbsVerbsaredividedinaccordancewithwhetherornottheymustbefollowedbyobligatoryelementsfunctioningascomplementationandwhatkindofelementsthatmustfollow.a)Transitiveverbsmustbefollowedbyanobject.Somearefollowedbytwoobjects,i.e.indirectobjectanddirectobject;.2020/1/199somebyanobjectandanobjectcomplement;somebyanobjectandanobligatoryadverbialb)Intransitiveverbsdonotrequireanobject.c)Linkingverbsarefollowedbyasubjectcomplement.3)Dynamicandstativeverbsa)Dynamicverbsrefertoactions.Theycanbesubclassifiedintothreecategories:2020/1/1910durativeverbs,transitionalverbsandmomentaryverbs.b)Stativeverbsrefertopresentorpaststates,i.e.toarelativelystablestateofaffairs.Theyarenormallyincompatiblewiththeprogressiveexceptincertaincaseswherethereisatransferofmeaning.Theycanbeclassifiedintofourcategories.2020/1/1911Thefirstincludesmainverbs“be”and“have”.Thesecondincludesverbsthatinclude,aspartoftheirmeaning,thenotionofbeingandhaving,suchasapplyto,belongto,differfrom,cost,weigh,measure.Thethirdincludesverbsthatrefertoasenseperception,suchashear,see,feel,taste,smell.2020/1/1912Thefourthsubclassincludesverbsthatrefertoafeeling,astateofmindoranopinion,suchasassume,believe,consider,detest,wish.Stativeverbsarenotusedinprogressiveaspect,otherwise,theywillbechangedintodynamicverbs,suchasbe,have.e.g.Heisbeingfoolish(=isactingfoolishly).We’rehavingawonderfultime(=areenjoyingourselves).2020/1/1913Theverbsresembleandcostarestativeverbswhentheyareusedtomeanrespectively“belike”and“beworth”,butwhenusedinothermeanings,thesetwoverbsjustlikedynamicverbscanoccurintheprogressive.e.g.Heresembleshisfather.Heisresemblinghisfather(=isbecomingmoreandmorelikehisfather)astheyearsgoby.2020/1/1914Perceptionverbswhenusedinanon-volitionalsensearestativeverb,butwhenusedinavolitionalsensearedynamicverbs.e.g.Icantastepepperinit.I’mtastingthissoup.Attitudinalverbssuchasthink,imagine,understandarestativeverbs,buttheycanoccasionallybeuseddynamicallytoexpressdifferentmeanings,e.g.Bequiet.I’mthinking(=givingthoughttoaproblem).2020/1/1915Therearealsocasesofaspecialpoliteuseoftheprogressivewithverbslikewant,hope,wonder.e.g.Wereyouwantingtoseeme?10.2Classificationofverbs(II)Accordingtowordformationandgrammaticalform,Englishverbmaybedividedintosingle-verbsandphrasalverbs,finiteverbsandnon-finiteverb,regularverbsandirregularverbs.2020/1/19164)Single-wordverbsandphrasalverbsAphrasalverbisaverbthatiscomposedoftwoormorewords.Theycanbeclassifiedintothreecategories:a)Verb+prepositione.g.Thepolicearelookingintothecase.b)Verb+adverbparticlee.g.Themeetinghasbeencalledoff.c)Verb+adverbparticle+prepositione.g.Idon’twanttocomedownwiththefluagain.2020/1/1917Phrasalverbsareverbalidiomswhichareequivalenttosingle-wordverbs,transitiveorintransitive,andwhicharedifferentfromsimpleverbalcombinationwherethemeaningsareeasilyguessedfromtheparts.Someconstructionssuchasverb+noun+prepositionandverb+nounarealsogroupedunderthecategoryofphrasalverbse.g.Shesoonrealizedthatshewasbeingmadefunof.2020/1/19185)Finiteandnon-finiteverbsFinitemainverbshavetowfiniteformsandthreenon-finiteforms.Thetwoarethepresenttenseandthepasttense;thethreearetheinfinitive,the–ingparticipleandthe–edparticiple.Finiteverbsaremarkedfortense,andnon-finiteverbshavenotensedistinctions.2020/1/1919Mostauxiliarieshavethepresentandpasttenseformsbutnotallthethreenon-finiteformsexceptf