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ImagismOriginatinginthephilosophyofT.E.Hulme,themovementsoonattractedEzraPound,whobecametheleaderofasmallgroupopposedtotheromanticconceptionofpoetryandinspiredbyGreekandRomanclassicsandbyChinese,Japanese,andmodernFrenchpoets.Theimagistpoetscalledfornewrhythms,clearimages,freechoiceofsubjectmatter,compressedpoeticexpression,anduseofcommonspeech.OriginationBackgroundImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature“haiku”提到俳句,就不得不提到松尾芭蕉。芭蕉被日本人称为“俳圣”,他对日本俳句的发展起了举足轻重的作用芭蕉的诗风可以用“闲寂风雅”四个字来概括。像他的名句《古池》就是通过闲寂的独特表现力来产生艺术的风雅美的:“闲寂古池旁,青蛙跳进水中央,扑通一声响。”这首俳句描写了一只青蛙跳入古池的一刹那。在这一刹那,四周闲寂的静与青蛙跃入池塘的动完美的结合了起来。青蛙跳之前,一切是静的,青蛙跳之后,一切仍会恢复平静。表面上是无休无止的静,内面却蕴含着一种大自然的生命律动和大自然的无穷的奥妙,以及作者内心的无比激情。飘溢着一股微妙的余情余韵和一股清寂幽玄的意境。下面再看一首芭蕉的《赏樱》:“树下肉丝、菜汤上,飘落樱花瓣。”这首俳句了有了明显的生活气息,但是那股子闲寂依旧透过文字扑面而来。AChineseimagisticpoetry:AutumnEveningcrowsperchonoldtreeswreathedwithwitheredvine,Waterofastreamflowsbyafamilycottagenearatinybridge.Aleanhorsewalksonanancientroadinwesternbreeze,Thesunissettinginthewest,Theheart-brokenoneisattheendoftheEarth.《天净沙·秋思》马致远枯藤、老树、昏鸦,小桥、流水、人家,古道、西风、瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。Thereareninenounsornominalphrasesplacedinthefirstthreelinesinisolationfromeachother.Toappreciatethepoemyoushouldlinkthescenesproducedthroughthesewordsupinyourimaginationbywaylikemontageinmovieart.So,avividpicturelikeastorywillbedisplayedinyourmind:Insightofthebeautifulscenerywithwitheredvine,oldtree,crowreturninghomeatdusk,smallbridge,riverandhouseholds,aman,accompaniedbywestwindandathinhorseontheancientroad,issufferingfromhomesicknessII.Development:threestages1908~1909:London,Hulme1912~1914:England-America,Pound1914~1917:AmyLowellIII.Whatisan“image”?AnimageisdefinedbyPoundasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,“avortexorclusteroffusedideas”“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.IV.PrinciplesDirecttreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective;(nofuss,frill,orornament)Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;(precisionandeconomyofexpression)Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.(freeverseformandmusic)这三条著名的意象主义原则标志了一种全新诗学的创造。他主张去掉模糊的语言和无意义的修饰,不使用例如“平静的渺茫之地”这样的描写,认为这“使得意象迟钝迂腐”。他认为“自然的事物总是精确的象征”,主张实事求是的态度。他的主张为战前年代惯用模糊发音,陈旧措辞,玄虚伤感的英美诗歌注入了一股清新的空气。V.SignificanceItwasarebellionagainstthetraditionalpoeticswhichfailedtoreflectthenewlifeofthenewcentury.ItofferedanewwayofwritingwhichwasvalidnotonlyfortheImagistpoetsbutformodernpoetryasawhole.Themovementwasatrainingschoolinwhichmanygreatpoetslearnedtheirfirstlessonsinthepoeticart.ItisthismovementthathelpedtoopenthefirstpagesofmodernEnglishandAmericanpoetry.Imagismwasaradicalchangefromthewaypoetryhadbeenwritteninthe19thcentury.Thesemodernistpoetstriedtokeeptheirideastothemselves,merelygivingthereaderthedescriptionoftheoutwardsurface.Therefore,anImagistpoemconsistsofclearvisualimages,oftenjuxtaposedwithotherimages,promptingthereadertoanimaginativeresponsethatcompletesitsmeaning.SummaryAmericanpoet,critic,editor,andtranslator;oneoftheforemostliteraryfiguresinliterarymodernismAsapoet,Poundexperimentedwithvariousverseforms,fromshortpoemsfocusingonconcreteimagestohisepicmasterpiece,theCantos.Asanessayist,hewrotemanifestosestablishinginfluentialprinciplesofstyleandtheme.Asacriticandeditor,Pounddiscoveredandencouragedmanyexperimentalauthors,includingIrishwriterJamesJoyce,EnglishpoetT.S.Eliot,andAmericanwritersRobertFrostandErnestHemingway.EzraPound(1885-1972)Note:Cantos,awide-rangingseriesofpoemscombiningancientandmodernhistorywithPound’spersonalreflectionsandexperiences.HisContribution:HelaunchedImagism,amovementinpoetrywhichderiveditstechniquefromclassicalChineseandJapanesepoetry--stressingclarity,precision,andeconomyoflanguage.Hisinfluence:Headvancedtheworkofmajorcontemporaries,suchasW.B.Yeats,RobertFrost,WilliamCarlosWilliams,MarianneMoore,H.D.,JamesJoyce,ErnestHemingway,andespeciallyT.S.Eliot.MajorWorks:1TheCantos(theencyclopedicepicpoem)2HughSelwynMauberley3ThePisanCantosLiteraryAchievementInaStationoftheMetro1911年,巴黎。庞德走出协约广场地铁车站,突然看到一张美丽的面孔,一张,又一张,然后是一个漂亮孩子的脸,另一个漂亮女人的脸。之后,庞德创作了这首《在地铁车站》,描写了他当时的情绪。这首诗只有短短两行:人群中这些面孔幽灵般显现;湿漉漉的黑枝条上朵朵花瓣。在诗的第一行,诗人使用“幽灵”来形容巴黎地铁中他看到的行人的形象。“幽灵”一词,总是令人联想起无法命名和缺乏活力;幽灵也暗示了毫无目的的漫游。幽灵完全有别于人类,它们没有欲望而且无法被人类所感知;没有具体的形体,不具备人类的特点,没有肉色的脸颊和手掌,白色是它们唯一的色彩。他们没有深刻的灵魂。跟人类比起来,他们就是惨白和僵直的躯体。在这首诗歌呈现的图像中,人们意识到它的背景是交通忙乱的时刻,火车输送着人群。作者眼中的人们就是由微小的点构成的,他甚至记不得他们的脸。周遭的每个人都没有分别,他们想得到更多!总之,“幽灵”一词非常重要并被称作是把句子由苍白的陈述托举成诗篇的唯一的词。在诗的第二行,“花”代表了所有的个体而枝条代表着整个社会或是现代世界。然而,枝条是湿漉漉的黑色,无论花多么明亮和生机勃勃,它们的灵动终究覆盖在忧郁的黑色之下。不是雨季,枝条的潮湿意味了树的异样。树茎不应是潮湿的,所以树或者是病了或者该被砍掉。此外,什么样的树会生出黑色的枝条?树枝的外表该是饱满,光滑和干爽的。作者试图告诉读者他所在的社会在科学发展带来的便捷中迷失,社会在舒适中忘记了深思。或许他的关于地铁车站的描写很简单而且他的态度有那么点心不在焉,但反射出当时的情景确是如此鲜明和震撼。form《在地铁车站》的形式通俗易懂。诗歌只有两行,而且每句都很简短,就像是每个人在地铁站的匆匆步履。每个人都不能也不愿记住略过身旁的面孔。每个人都在疲于奔命,记住别人的样子又有何用?他们太忙了,忙到无法在意周遭的人事,就像永不停止的钟。这首诗已经不再是句子的形式,是印刷的格式。与之类似的是词汇,没有丧失本身的精确性,以词的方式呈现出一个又一个含义。“幽灵”指向两个含义,鬼怪和不可见的形体;关键词“花”,简单又锐利的音节却又依附了能量,以辅音夹带
本文标题:Imagism3
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