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-1-独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构(AbsoluteStructure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词;过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)1.名词(代词)+现在分词例句:Thestormdrawingnear,thenavvydecidedtocallitaday.Thestormdrawingnear在句中作:原因状语=Sincethestormwasdrawingnear,thenavvydecidedtocallitaday.由于暴风雨即将来临,那个挖土小工决定收工。(callitaday今天到此为止)例句:Wintercoming,itgetscolderandcolder.Wintercoming在句中作:伴随状语=Thewintercomes,anditgetscolderandcolder.冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。造句:时间允许的话,我就和你一起走。Timepermitting,Iwillgowithyou.独立主格作:条件状语=改写:Iftimepermits,Iwillgowithyou.造句:那个姑娘望着他,他不知道说什么好。Thegirlstaringathim,hedidn’tknowwhattosay.独立主格作:时间状语=改写:Asthegirlstaredathim,hedidn’tknowwhattosay.2.名词(代词)+过去分词例句:Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。例句:Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。造句:工作完成后,他回家了。Theworkdone,hewentbackhome.=Whentheworkwasdone,hewentbackhome.-2-3.名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。例句:Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarterofthebook.我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。例句:Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ourschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。造句:还有很多作业要做,我不能和你走。Alotofhomeworktodo,Ican’tgowithyou.4.名词(代词)+形容词Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。hestoodsilentinthenoonsunlight,itsdooropen.5.名词(代词)+副词Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。造句:Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.6.名词(代词)+名词Hisfirstshotfailure,hefiredagain.他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。7.名词(代词)+介词短语Thehuntsmanenteredtheforest,guninhand.那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。三、with,without引导的独立主格结构with(without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)-3-Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.或Hestoodatthedoor,computerinhand.他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)Withhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltunhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)在with(without)的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但without不能省略。造句:老师走进教室,胳膊下面夹了一本书。Theteacherwalkedintotheclassroom,withabookunderhisarm.造句:老师坐在椅子上,周围一群学生围着他。Theteacherissittinginthechair,withagroupofstudentsaroundhim造句:工作完成了,他回家了。Withtheworkdone,hewentbackhome.造句:由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。Withtheboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。1.作时间状语Myshoesremoved,Ienteredalow-ceilingedroom,treadingcautiouslyonthesofttatamimatting.我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。Thegovernorponderingthematter,morestrikersgatheredacrosshispath.总督思考问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。2.作条件状语Weatherpermitting,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。Suchbeingthecase,youhavenogroundsfordismissinghim.如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。3.作原因状语Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。-4-4.作伴随状语或补充说明Itookmyticket,andmarchedproudlyuptheplatform,withmycheeses,thepeoplefallingbackrespectfullyoneitherside.我拿着车票还有我的奶酪,雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我,纷纷向两边退去。Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。五、独立主格结构的特殊用法1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:Generallyspeaking总的说来,Franklyspeaking坦率地说,Judgingfrom从……判断,Supposing假设,等等。①Generallyspeaking,theruleisveryeasytounderstand.总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。②Judgingfromwhathesaid,hemustbeanhonestman.由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:tobehonest老实说,tobesure确实,totellyouthetruth说实话,tocutalongstoryshort长话短说,tobefrank坦率地说,tomakematters/thingsworse更糟糕的是,等等。①Totellyouthetruth,Imadeamistakeinthewordspelling.说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。1.Thelecture__c___,helefthisseatsoquietlythatnoonecomplainedthathisleavingdisturbedthespeaker.A.beganB.beginningC.havingbegunD.beingbeginning2.Such__a___thecase,therearenogroundstojustifyyourcomplaints.A.beingB.isC.wasD.tobe3.Withallfactors__c___,wethinkthisprogrammayexcel(胜出)alltheothersinachievingthegoal.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.consideredD.areconsidered4.Anewtechnique___d__,theyields(产量)asawholeincreasedby20percent.A.tohavebeenworkedoutB.havingworkedoutC.workingoutD.havingbeenworkedout
本文标题:独立主格结构完整讲解
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