高中定语从句讲义

英语的句子成分及基本结构首先,我们来看一下英语当中词的词性(partofspeech)(n.)apple,flower,student,adult,advertisement……这些是_________词(pron.)I,you,we,myself,ourselves……这些是________词(v.)work,run,read,abandon,beg……这些是__________词(adj.)excited,important,central……这些是________词,常用来修饰_______________(adv.)fast,hard,happily,out,away…这些是________词,常用来修饰_______________(conj.)and,but,or,as,when,if….这些是_________词,常用来_______________(prep.)in,on,at,by,above……这些是_______词,可以构成短语,在一个句中做下列成分:Thisisabookongardening.(做定语)Thebookisunderthetable.(做表语)HehasbeenheresinceFriday.(做状语)Makeyourselfathome.(做补语)接下来，我们在了解一下构成一个句子的基本成分有哪些(membersofsentences)GeorgeisasmartboyfromBritain.HelikeslearningChineseverymuch.Historyishisfavoritesubject,too.TalkingwithhisChinesefriendsonlinemakeshimhappy.在这几个句子里：George,He,History,TalkingwithhisChinesefriends是句子中的________.is是句子中的________.like,make是句子中的________.asmartboy,hisfavoritesubject是句子中的________.learningChinese,him是句子中的________.smart,fromBritain,favorite是句子中的________.verymuch是句子中的________.happy是句子中的________.现在，我们进入正题，看看英语简单句的基本结构有哪些(sentencestructures)Todaywasmyfirstdayatmynewschool.Idon’tlikethenewpeoplearoundme.WhentheyspeaktomeIfeelveryshy,sotheymisunderstandandthinkIamunfriendly.Inourclasstheteachergaveusatask---tostandupandintroduceourselves.Icouldfeeleveryonelookingatme.Iwentveryredandcouldonlysayafewwordsquietly.TheteacherwillthinkIamabadstudent,butIworkveryhard.MyproblemisthatI’measilyembarrassed.e.g.1Todaywasmyfirstdayatmynewschool.主语(Subject)+系动词(Link-verb)+表语(Predicative)+状语(Adverbial)结构1：S+L-v+P+(A)你知道的系动词(Link-verb)有哪些？be–am/is/are/was/wereWhentheyspeaktomeIfeelveryshy…系动词还包括：(1)表示“感觉”的feel,look,sound,taste,smell(2)表示“变化”的become,fall,get,grow,turn，go(3)表示“保持”的stay,remain,keep(4)表示“看上去”的appear,seem(5)表示“证明”的provee.g.2Idon’tlikethenewpeoplearoundme.主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+宾语(Object)+状语(Adverbial)结构2：S+V+O+(A)e.g.3butIworkveryhard.主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+状语(Adverbial)结构3：S+V+(A)这个句子为什么没有宾语？英语中的实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)两种。及物动词指的是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词，如：learn,see,study,like….不及物动词/词组指的是后面不能直接跟宾语，也不能用被动语态的动词/词组，如：run,happen,wait,work,takeplace,runout……*有些动词，即可以做vt.也可以做vi.e.g.Heoftendrivesveryfast.Heoftendriveshisfriendshome.e.g.4Inourclasstheteachergaveusatask…状语(Adverbial)+主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+直接宾语(Directobject)+间接宾语(Indirectobject)结构4：S+V+O1+O2+(A)*第四种结构的句子都可以转化成为第二种结构的句子e.g.Inourclasstheteachergaveusatask…→Inourclasstheteachergaveatasktous…e.g.5Icouldfeeleveryonelookingatme主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+宾语(Object)+宾补(Objectcomplement)结构5：S+V+O+OC*其它可以充当宾补的还有：Noonelikestokeephisroomdirtyanddisorderly.(形容词)It’scoldout.Whynotinvitethemin?(副词)TheynamedtheirdogJoe.(名词)Theteacherhadthestudentsdoingtheirhomeworkforalongtime.(现在分词)Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.(过去分词)Heaskedmetogivehimahand.(动词不定式)关于状语状语可以分为以下几种：1.Let’sgettogetherat7o’clock.(时间状语)2.Imettheboyinthelibrary.(地点状语)3.Hecamelatebecauseoftheheavyrain.(原因状语)4.Shegottothestationtopickupherson.(目的状语)5.Theyoungmangotuptoolatetocatchthebus.(结果状语)6.WillyougotoNewYorkbyseaorbyair?(方式状语)7.Ifitrainstomorrow,themeetingwillbeputoff.(条件状语)8.Despitetheheavyrain,hewenttolookaftertheoldman.(让步状语)9.Ican’tdoanythingwithyoulookingatme.(伴随状语)试一试:你能说出下列划线的部分分别在句子当中担当什么成分吗?1.Someoftheolderstudentscametoourclassroomtodaytotalkwithus.目的状语2.Theyareveryenthusiasticandtheyspeakfluentlyinfrontoflotsofpeople.表语；地点状语3.Iwanttobelikethem.宾语4.TheEnglishteacheralwayswantsmetotalk.宾补5.WhenI’msittingatacomputer,Idon’tfeelshy.时间状语；表语6.IliveinShijiazhuang,acitynotfarfromBeijing.定语7.Whatshetoldmeseemsreal.表语知识延伸：如果在一个英语句子中，作某个特定成分的不再是一个词或者短语，而是一个从句，那么这个含有从句的大句子就叫做复合句。试一试:你能辨别下列从句的种类吗？1.Idon’tknowthathehasjoinedthearmy.(从句)2.Whathesaidsoundsgood.(从句)3.MyproblemisthatI’measilyembarrassed.(从句)4.Hewantedtohelptheoldmanwholivednextdoor.(从句)5.Whenthefilmended,thepeoplewentback.(从句)6.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(从句)7.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanfollowme.(从句)8.Heissolovelyaboythatwealllikehim.(从句)9.You’llfailtheexamunlessyouworkhard.(从句)10.He’sunhappy,thoughhehasalotofmoney.(从句)定语从句attributiveclause◆英语谚语欣赏1.Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for-nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成。2.It’sthefirststepthatcosts.千里之行，始于足下。3.Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼。◆概念(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语(修饰某一名词或代词)的从句叫定语从句，一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,as关系副词when,where,why在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，定语，状语）关系代词关系副词关系词先行词从句成分备注who人主语，宾语whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不能用thatwhom人宾语whose人，物定语that人，物主语，宾语which物主语，宾语as人，物主语，宾语as做宾语一般不省略when时间时间状语可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语可用forwhich◆定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。◆I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.◆IhavemanyfriendstoI’mgoingtosendpostcards.◆ThepersonIwanttotalkaboutwithisTuYouyou,theonewontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein2015.(Who/whom/that;whom;who)(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时