美国经济学家克鲁格曼获得2008年诺贝尔经济学奖

IntroductiontoEconomicsChenyanruIntroductiontothecourse•Syllabus•Teacher•textbookteacher•ChenYanru(Amy)•ICBofficebusinessteachingdepartment•62737142Textbooks:EssentialsofEconomics•Author:•PaulKrugman•ProfessorofEconomicsatPrincetonUniversity•ReceivedBAfromYaleandhisPHDfromMIT.•Hisresearchismainlyintheareaofinternationaltrade,whereheisoneofthefoundersofthenewtradetheory,whichfocusesonincreasingreturnsandimperfectcompetition,•Healsoworksininternationalfinance,withaconcentrationincurrencycrises.•Writewritesextensivelyfornontechnicalaudiences.•HislatesttradebookisbestsellingcollectionofhisTimesarticlesentitledtheGreatUnraveling:LosingOurWayinthenewCentury.•美国经济学家克鲁格曼获得2008年诺贝尔经济学奖•新华网斯德哥尔摩１０月１３日电瑞典皇家科学院１３日宣布，将２００８年诺贝尔经济学奖授予美国普林斯顿大学经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼，以表彰他在分析国际贸易模式和经济活动的地域等方面所作的贡献。•瑞典皇家科学院发表声明说，克鲁格曼整合了此前经济学界在国际贸易和地理经济学方面的研究，在自由贸易、全球化以及推动世界范围内城市化进程的动因方面形成了一套理论。Contentsofthebook•Part1whatiseconomics•Part2supplyanddemand•Part3Theproducer•Part4marketsandefficiency•Part5Marketstructure:beyondperfectcompetition•Part6Extendingmarketboundaries•Part7IntroductiontoMacro-economics•Part8Short-RuneconomicFluctuationsTheOrdinaryBusinessofLifeImportantquestions:Howdoesoureconomicsystemwork?Howdoesitmanagetodeliverthegoods?Whenandwhydoesoureconomicsystemgoastray,leadingpeopleintocounterproductivebehavior?Whyarethereareupsanddownsintheeconomy?Thatis,whydoestheeconomysometimeshaveabadyear?Finally,whyisthelongrunmainlyastoryofupsanddowns?BasicconceptsEconomyandeconomics:•Economy:isasystemforcoordinatingsociety’sproductiveactivities•Economics:thestudyofeconomies,atthelevelbothofindividualsandofsocietyasawhole•Microeconomics:Individualdecision,individualcustomerandsuppliers•Macroeconomics:overallupanddownsoftheeconomy:country,industryMarketeconomyandcommandeconomy•Marketeconomy:aneconomyinwhichdecisionsaboutproductionandconsumptionaremadebyindividualproducersandconsumer•Commandeconomy:thereisacentralauthoritymakingdecisionaboutproductionandconsumption.CommandandControlLaissez-FaireFreeMarketsMixedTheSpectrumofEconomicSystemsInvisiblehand•Invisiblehandrefertothewayamarketeconomymanagestoharnessthepoweroftheself-interestforthegoodofthesociety.Mybenefit,yourcost•trafficcongestion:•Eachtimesomeonedrivestowork,asopposedtotakingpublictransportation,hecaneasilyimpose$15ormoreinhiddencostonotherdriver.Marketfailure•Whentheindividualpursuitofone’sowninterest,insteadofpromotingtheinterestsofthesocietyasawhole,canactuallymakesocietyworseoff.•Trafficcongestion•Airandwaterpollution•OverexploitationofnaturalresourceGoodtimes,badtimes•growth•Fluctuation•Economiccycle:•expansion•prosperity•Contraction•recessionOr•Economicboom•Economicslowdown•Economicrecession•EconomicrecoveryThispatternrepeatsitselfregularly,thoughnotonafixedschedule.Thelengthofthecycleisn'tpredictableeitherandmaybemeasuredinmonthsorinyears.Anenginefordiscovery•Whydoeseconomygrowovertime?•Whydoeseconomicsgrowthoccurfasterinsometimesandplacesthaninothers?•Economics…isnotabodyofconcretetruth,butanengineforthediscoveryofconcretetruth.---AlfredMarshall