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有机物的命名只由碳和氢两种元素组成的有机化合物称为碳氢化合物,简称烃(hydrocarbon)1烷烃(alkanes)1.1直链烷烃烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外,其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾(-ane)来命名,10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如:甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane丁烷butane戊烷pentane己烷hexane庚烷heptane辛烷octane壬烷nonane癸烷decane十一烷undecane十二烷dodecane1~10Alkane=Numberprefix-aneforexample:CH4MethaneCH3CH3EthaneCH3CH2CH3PropaneCH3(CH2)2CH3ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3NonaneCH3(CH2)8CH3Decane11~19Alkane=Numberprefix-decaneforexample:11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane15-alkanePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane17-alkaneHeptadecane18-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane21~29Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:20-alkaneIcosane21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane25-alkanePentacosane30-AlkaneTriacontane31~39Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontaneforexample:31-AlkaneHentriacontane32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane34-AlkaneTetratriacontane35-Alkanepentatriacontane36-AlkaneHexatriacontane40~90Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:40AlkaneTetracontane50AlkanePentacontane60AlkaneHexacontane70AlkaneHeptacontane80AlkaneOctacontane90AlkaneNonacontane100AlkaneHectane1.2烷基命名烷基时,只需把“基”(-yl)字加在相应的烷烃的字首后:-yl取代-ane如CH3-MethylCH3CH2-EthylCH3CH2CH2-PropylCH3(CH2)2CH2-Butyl1.3含支链烷烃Saturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbon命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基(alkylgroups)的原子取代。branched-chainhydrocarbon=n-Radical+alkaneforexample:CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC2-Methylbutane4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2,2-DimethylpropanePolysidechainhydrocarbonButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylforexample:CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC12345674-Ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane12345674-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-propyl-heptane1.4一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃:对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”(iso-)、“新”(neo-)、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”(tert-)等字命名。ForExample:(CH3)2CH-CH3Isobutane(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3Isopentane(CH3)4CNeopentane(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3Isohexane111.5复杂的烷烃结构较复杂的烷烃不能用普通命名法命名,只能采用系统命名法。选最长的碳链为主链,按相应的直链烷烃命名,从一端向另一端编号,支链作为取代基放在母体名称前,编号时使支链的编号尽可能小且支链的排列按基团的字母顺序。如:3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时,按以下原则进行比较:1)带支链数目较多者为主链,例如:2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane2)支链定位号较小者为主链4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane131.6含支链的烷基UnivalentbranchedradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:CCCCCCCCC2-Methylpropyl3-Methylbutyl1234CCCCsec-ButylCCCCCtert-Butyl2烯烃和炔烃(alkenesandalkynes)2.1命名烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”(ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne),名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时,可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如:CH2=CH2EtheneCH2=CHCH2CH2CH31-PenteneCH2=C=CH21,2-PropadieneEthyne1,3-ButadiyneHCCHHCCCCH2Namingunsaturatedhydrocarbon烯烃和炔烃(alkenesandalkynes)2.1Unbranchedacyclicalkene(烯烃)烯烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”(ane)改为“烯”(ene),名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。Alkene=Numberprefix-eneforexample:C-C-C-C=C-C2-HexeneC-C=CPropeneC-C=C-C2-ButeneC-C-C-C=C1-PentenePoly-ene当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时,可在前边加上adi、atri、atetra等数字来表示。n-Alkene=Alk-a-n-enen=2-adienen=3-atrienen=4-atetraeneforexample:C-C=C-C=C-C=C1,3,5-HeptatrieneC=C-C=C1,3-ButadieneC-C=C-C=C1,3-PentadieneCCCCC2-Methyl-2-buteneCCCCCCC2-Methyl-2,4-hexadieneCCCCCCCCCC3-Ethyl-4-Methyyl-1,5-heptadieneCCCCCCCCC2-Methyl-2,4,6-octatrieneAlkyne(炔烃):炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”(ane)改为“炔”(yne),名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。Alkyne=Alk-yne(-a-n-yne)n=2-adiynen=3-atriyneforexample:CCCPropyneCCCCC2-PentyneCCEthyne(acetylene)CCCC1,3-Butadiyne2.2Unsaturatedhydrocarbonwithbothdoubleandtriplebonds烯炔的命名烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔,命名时烯在前炔在后,双键的编号写在前面,叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。Alkenyne=Numberprefix-en-yneTwoene+oneyne-adien-?-yneThreeene+oneyne-atrien-?-yneOneene+twoyne-en-?-diyne1,3-Hexadien-5-yne3-Penten-1-yneHCCCHCHCHCH2CH3CHCHCCH201-penten-4-yne4-hexen-1-yne1-hexen-4-yne2-hepten-5-yne1,3-heptadien-6-yne系统命名中,应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时,取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同,则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如:3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatriene2.3不饱和烃基的命名不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基,但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如:Alkeneradical=Alken-ylAlkyneradical=Alkyn-ylCCCCCEthynyl2-PropynylCCCC1,3-ButadienylCCC1-PropenylCCCCC2-Penten-4-ynylCH2=CH-VinylCH2=CH-CH2-AllylCH2=C(CH3)-Isopropenyl•醇的词尾是-ol,多数情况下,是将相应的烷烃的最后一个字母e去掉,换上-ol,则为相应的醇。拉丁或希腊前缀烷烃-anealkane烷基-ylalkyl烯烃-eneAlkene炔烃-ynealkyne醇-olalcoholmono-methanemethyl--methanoldi-;bi-ethaneethyletheneethyneethanoltri-propanepropylpropenepropynepropanoltetra-;quadri-butanebutylbutenebutynebutanolpent(a)-pentanepentylpentenepentynepentanolhex(a)-hexanehexylhexenehexynehexanolhept(a)-heptaneheptylhepteneheptyneheptanoloct(a)-octaneoctylocteneoctyneoctanolnon(a)-nonanenonylnonenenonynenonanoldec(a)-decanedecyldecenedecynedecanolExerciseCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC2-Methylbutane4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2,2-DimethylpropaneCH2=CH2CH=CH-CHCH2=CHCH2CH2CH3CH2=C=CH2HCCHCCCCC2-Methyl-2-buteneCCCCCCC2-Methyl-2,4-hexadieneCCCCCCCCCC3-Ethyl-4-Methyyl-1,5-heptadieneCCCCCCCCC2-Methyl-2,4,6-octatrieneAnswertoinorganiccompoundshomework•H2SO4sulfuricacid•HClhydrogenchlorideorhydrochloricacid•HNO3nitricacid•HNO2nitrousacid•HCNhydrogencyanideorhydrocyanicacid•Na2Ssodiumsulfide•CuSO4copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfat
本文标题:化学专业英语--------有机物的命名
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