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1InductionandAmplificationofNon-NewtonianGravitationalFieldsM.Tajmar*AustrianResearchCentersSeibersdorf,A-2444Seibersdorf,AustriaC.J.deMatos†ESA-ESTEC,DirectorateofScientificProgrammes,POBox299,NL-2200AGNoordwijk,TheNetherlandsAbstractOneobtainsaMaxwell-likestructureofgravitationbyapplyingtheweak-fieldapproximationtothewellacceptedtheoryofgeneralrelativityorbyextendingNewton'slawstotime-dependentsystems.Thissplitsgravityintwoparts,namelyagravitoelectricandgravitomagnetic(orcogravitational)one.Bothsolutionsdifferusuallyonlyinthedefinitionofthespeedofpropagation,thelorentzforcelawandtheexpressionofthegravitomagneticpotentialenergy.However,onlybyextendingNewton'slawsweobtainasetofMaxwell-likeequationswhichareperfectlyisomorphictoelectromagnetism.Applyingthistheorytoexplainthemeasuredadvanceofthemercuryperihelionweobtainexactlythesamepredictionasstartingfromgeneralrelativitytheory.Thisisnotpossibleusingtheweak-fieldapproximationapproach.Duetotheobtainedsimilarstructurebetweengravitationandelectromagnetism,onecanexpressonefieldbytheotheroneusingacouplingconstantdependingonthemasstochargeratioofthefieldsource.Thisleadstoequationse.g.ofhowtoobtainnon-Newtoniangravitationalfieldsbytime-varyingmagneticfields.Unfortunatelythecouplingconstantissosmallthatusingpresentdaytechnologyengineeringapplicationsforgravitationusingelectromagneticfieldsareverydifficult.Calculationsofinducedgravitationalfieldsusingstate-of-the-artfusionplasmasreachonlyacceleratorthresholdvaluesforlaboratorytesting.Possibleamplificationmechanismsarementionedintheliteratureandneedtobeexplored.WereviewworkbyHenryWallacesuggestingaveryhighgravitomagneticsusceptibilityofnuclearhalf-spinmaterialaswellascouplingofchargeand*ResearchScientist,SpacePropulsion,Phone:+43-50550-3142,Fax:+43-50550-3366,E-mail:martin.tajmar@arcs.ac.at†StaffMember,ScienceManagementCommunicationDivision,Phone:+31-71-5653460,Fax:+31-71-5654101,E-mail:clovis.de.matos@esa.int2massasshownbye.g.torquependulumexperiments.Thepossibilityofusingtheprincipleofequivalenceintheweakfieldapproximationtoinducenon-Newtoniangravitationalfieldsandtheinfluenceofelectricchargeonthefreefallofbodiesarealsoinvestigated,leadingtosomeadditionalexperimentalrecommendations.IntroductionThecontrolandmodificationofgravitationalfieldsisadreampursuedbypropulsionengineersandphysicistsaroundtheworld.NASA'sBreakthroughPropulsionPhysicsProjectisfundingexploratoryresearchinthisareatostimulatepossiblebreakthroughsinphysicsthatcoulddrasticallylowercostsforaccesstospace1.Althoughnotcommonlyknown,Einstein'swellacceptedgeneralrelativitytheory,whichdescribesgravitationinourmacroscopicworld,allowsinductionphenomenaofnon-NewtoniangravitationalfieldssimilartoFaradayinductioninelectromagneticfieldsbymovingheavymassesathighvelocities.ThebasisforsuchphenomenaareevendatingbackbeforegeneralrelativitytheorywhenOliverHeaviside2in1893investigatedhowenergyispropagatedinagravitationalfield.SinceenergypropagationinelectromagneticfieldsisdefinedbythePoyntingvector–avectorproductbetweenelectricandmagneticfields–Heavisideproposedagravitationalanaloguetothemagneticfield.Moreoverhepostulatedthatthisenergymustalsobepropagatingatthespeedoflight.AnotherapproachtothemagneticpartofgravityistostartfromNewtoniangravityandaddthenecessarycomponentstoconservemomentumandenergy3.Thisleadstothesamemagneticcomponentandafinitespeedofpropagation,thespeedoflight.Heaviside'sgravitomagneticfieldsarehiddeninEinstein'sTensorequations.Alternatively,generalrelativitytheorycanbewrittenaslinearperturbationsofMinkowskispacetime.Forward4wasthefirsttoshowthattheseperturbationscanberearrangedtoassembleaMaxwell-typestructurewhichsplitsgravitationintoagravitoelectric(classicalNewtoniangravitation)andagravitomagnetic(Heaviside'sprediction)field.ThemagneticeffectsingravitationaremorecommonlyknownastheLense-Thirringorframedraggingeffectdescribingprecisionforcesofrotatingmassesorbitingeachother.NASA’smissionGravityProbeBwilllookforexperimentalevidenceofthiseffect.Similarto3electrodynamics,avariationingravitomagneticfieldsinducesagravitoelectric(non-Newtonian)fieldandhenceprovidesthepossibilitytomodifygravitation.Sincebothgravitationandelectromagnetismhavethesamesource,theparticle,theauthorsrecentlypublishedapaperevaluatingcouplingconstantsbetweenbothfields5basedonthecharge-to-massratioofthesourceparticle.Thispaperwillreviewthecouplingbetweengravitationandelectromagnetismandpointoutthelimitsofpresentdaytechnologyandtheexpectedorderofmagnitudeofnon-Newtoniangravitationalfieldsthatcanbecreatedbythismethod.Possibleamplificationmechanismsuchasferro-gravitomagnetismandmorespeculativeworkpublishedintheliteraturewillbereviewed.Theprincipleofequivalenceinthelimitofweakgravitationalfields(thegravitationalLarmortheorem)willbeexploredandapossibleneweffect(thegravitomagneticBarnetteffect)recentlysuggestedbytheauthorsisdiscussed6.Howeverthedirectdetectionofthiseffectispendingonthepossibilitytohavematerialswithhighgravitomagneticsusceptibility.Neverthelessweshowthattheprincipleofequivalence
本文标题:Induction and Amplification of Non-Newtonian Gravi
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