中国与美国银行系统的对比

ChineseBankingSystemvsAmericanBankingSystemChineseBankingsystemcentralbankPolicybanksCommercialbanksPeople’sBankofChinaThePBCwasestablishedonDecember1,1948basedontheconsolidationoftheformerHuabeiBank,BeihaiBankandXibeiFarmerBank.PBCengagedinbothpolicyandcommercialbankingoperations.ItsheadquarterisinShanghaiInSeptember1983,theStateCouncildecidedtohavethePBCfunctionasacentralbank.In1995,TheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonthePeople'sBankofChinawasenacted,andthislawwasamendedin2003.PBC’sFunctionsConductmonetarypolicyPreventanddissolvefinancialrisksMaintainfinancialstabilityundertheleadershipoftheStateCouncilCommercialBanksinChinastate-ownedcommercialbanksJoint-equitycommercialbanksOtherChineseBanksForeignCommercialBanksReformAtfirst,therefourwhollystate-ownedcommercialbanksAfterchina’sentrytotheWTO,thegovernmentstartedtoimplementaphasedreform.ThefinancialrestructuringstartedwiththeBOC(theBankofChina)andtheCCBattheendof2003,andthen2005theICBC.Atpresent,thereisonlyonewhollystate-ownedcommercialbank-ABC.State-ownedCommercialbanksTheIndustrialandCommercialBankofChina(ICBC)setupin1984TheagriculturalBankofChina(ABC)TheBankofChina(BOC)TheChinaConstructionBank(CCB)Joint-equityCommercialbanks股份制商业银行14nationwideJoint-equityCommercialbanksChinaMinshengBank，HuaxiaBank，EverbrightBankofChina，CITICIndustrialBank，BankofChina，ConstructionBankofChinaEvergrowingBankCo,ltd(恒丰银行)ShanghaiPudongDevelopmentBank，BankofCommunications；ChinaZheshangBankIndustrialBank（兴业银行）；ShenzhenDevelopmentBank；Chinamerchantsbank(招商银行）；GuangdongDevelopmentBank。Localcommercialbanks:BankofBeijingBankofShanghaiCreditAssociation:RuralCreditUnionandCooperativeBankspostofficesavingsbankOthersForeignBanksNationalCityBankofNewYorkHongKongandShangHaiBankingCorporationTheChartedBankBankofEastAsiaHangSengBankDBSGroup星展银行（中国）有限公司PS:In2007,thesixbanksmentionedabovecanengageinRMBbusiness.PolicyBanksAgriculturalDevelopmentBankofChinaTheStateDevelopmentBankTheExportandImportBankofChinaPolicyBanksThesethreepolicybankswereestablishedin1994tofacilitatetheseparationofpolicybankingfromcommercialbakingoperationsTheyplayaspecialroleinfinancingmajorinfrastructuralprojectsandpromotingagriculturaldevelopmentandinternationaltradeandinvestment美国金融体系AmericanfinancialsystemFederalReserveSystemCommercialbanksystemNon-bankfinacialinstitutionsABriefHistorythe1stbank–1782.1,BankofNorthAmericawassetupofficiallymanagedprivately1791-thefirstbankoftheUnitedStates1817-thesecondbankoftheUnitedStatesfree-bankingera:1837-1862,UShasnoofficialcentralbanks1862-1913，anationalbankwasformed截止到1995年底，美国共有商业银行12067家，比高峰时期已经减少了36％。至2003年年底美国有7800多家银行。在美国银行体系中，资本在10亿美元以下的小银行占了绝大多数。美国的8500家银行中，中小银行占银行总数的八成，却只控制着总计11.4%的银行资本。News美国银行业监管部门——联邦储蓄保险公司（FDIC）2009年2月26日公布的报告显示，随着住房和信贷危机升级，去年第四季度美国银行业出现18年来的首次季度亏损。报告说，美国商业银行和吸储机构去年第四季度共亏损262亿美元，为1990年第四季度以来的首次季亏，也是FDIC开始此项统计25年来的最高季度亏损额。去年全年，美国银行业共实现盈利161亿美元，为1990年以来最低。报告显示，在全美约8500家商业银行和吸储机构中，截至第四季度末共有252家被列入“问题银行”名单，远高于第三季度末的171家；银行业“问题资产”（即还款逾期90天以上的贷款）从前一季度的1160亿美元升至1590亿美元。年初以来，共有14家商业银行和吸储机构被关闭，去年全年为25家。FDIC估计，银行倒闭事件不断增加将使该机构的“存款保险基金”在未来4年内损失约400亿美元。截至去年年底，该基金余额为189亿美元，远低于一年前的524亿美元，为1993年以来最低水平。FederalReserveBanksU.S.FRSwasestablishedin1913,whenthereexistanceofalotshortcomings.Currently,thereare12regionalfederalreservebanksand25branches.FederalReserveBankofBoston/NY/Philadephia/Cleveland/Richmand/Atlanta/Chicago/ST.Louis/Minneapolis/KansasCity/Dallas/SanFranciscoFunctionsofFRSMonetarypolicyTreasuryagentSupervisionofprivatebanksPreventanddissolvefinancialrisksCommercialBankingSystemThebiggestinstitutionfordeposits,almostcontroling¾ofthenationaldeposits.50biggestonesand10superonesNationalbanksCategoriesStatebanksNon-statememberbanksOthers：privatebanks，banker'sbanks，Trusts，industrialbanksandsomesavingbanks。美国的商业银行总是和大财团有着密切相关，并与其财团所拥有的大公司有着密切的金融关系和人事结合关系SomeFamousCommercialBanksCitibankandCitigroupInc.BankofAmericaandBankAmericaCorp.JPMorganChaseChemicalbanksandChemicalNewYorkCorp.Manufacturer'sHanoverTrustCompanyUSBancorp（美国合众银行）UnitedCommercialBank(联合银行集团)WachoviaWashingtonMutualSunTrustbankerstrustcompanySavingsInstitutionsMutualsavingsbanks美国互助储蓄银行Savingsandloanassociations储蓄放款协会Creditunion信贷公会SpecializedfinancialinstitutionsoftheGovernment政府专业金融机构AgriculturalcreditinstitutionsFederalLandBanksFederalIntermediateCreditBankBanksforCooperativesFederalHomeLoanBankSystemHomecreditinstitutionsFederalNationalMortgageAssociationFederaldepositinsurancecorporationExport-importbankoftheUnitedStatesreferences: