John Locke 英国哲学家约翰・洛克的影响

JohnLocke(1632-1704)Britishphilosopher,OxfordacademicandmedicalresearcherInBrief...knownasthe“FatherofClassicalLiberalism”oneofthemostimportantEnlightenmentthinkersoneofthefirstoftheBritishempiricistsanimportantfigureinsocialcontracttheoryClassicalLiberalismlimitedgovernment,constitutionalism,ruleoflaw,dueprocessindividualliberty(includingfreedomofreligion,speech,press,assemblyandfreemarkets)TheAgeofEnlightenmentabout1650toabout1800(alsoknownastheAgeofReason)aculturalmovementofintellectualsin18thcenturyEuropeandAmericawhowantedtoreformsocietyandadvanceknowledgepromoted:science,intellectualinterchangeopposed:superstition,intolerance,abusesinchurchandstateEmpiricismanepistemologicalviewatheoryofknowledgethatassertsthatknowledgecomesonlyorprimarilyfromsensoryexperienceemphasizestheroleofexperienceandevidence,especiallysensoryperception,intheformationofideas,overthenotionofinnateideasortraditionsotherepistemologicalviews...Rationalism(anyviewappealingtoreasonasasourceofknowledgeorjustification)Idealism(assertsthatreality,orrealityaswecanknowit,isfundamentallymental,mentallyconstructed,orotherwiseimmaterial)Historicism(assignsacentralandbasicsignificancetoaspecificcontext,suchashistoricalperiod,geographicalplaceandlocalculture)SocialContractWhatistheoriginofsociety?Whatistheoriginoftheauthorityofthestateovertheindividual?Lockeinfluenced...Voltaire(1694-1778):FrenchEnlightenmentwriter,historianandphilosopherJean-JacquesRousseau(1712-1778):Genevanphilosopher,writer,andcomposerLockealsoinfluenced...manyScottishEnlightenmentthinkers(theScottishEnlightenmentincludedDavidHume[1711-1776,philosopher,historian,economistandessayist]andAdamSmith[1723-1790,socialphilosopherandpioneerofpoliticaleconomy])Lockealsoinfluenced...Americanrevolutionariesand“FoundingFathers”(includingThomasJefferson,JohnAdams,BenjaminFranklin,SamuelAdams,AlexanderHamilton,ThomasPaine,PatrickHenry,GeorgeWashington,JamesMadison,GeorgeMasonandmanyothers)IdeasandInfluencepoliticalphilosophy(classicalandmodernliberalism,libertarianism)oppositiontoauthoritarianism(bothonthelevelofindividualsandonthelevelofinstitutionssuchaschurchandgovernment)religioustolerance,separationofchurchandstatepropertyisanaturalrightandisderivedfromlaborhumannatureischaracterizedbyreasonandtoleranceandallowsforselfishnessgovernmentalseparationofpowersrevolutionisaright(andsometimesanobligation)introductionofmoneyeliminatesthelimitsofaccumulation,inequalityhascomeaboutbytacitagreementontheuseofmoneysupply-and-demandtheoryofvalueandpriceIdeasontheSelftheself:thatconsciousthinkingthing,(whateversubstance,madeupofwhetherspiritual,ormaterial,simple,orcompounded,itmattersnot)whichissensible,orconsciousofpleasureandpain,capableofhappinessormisery,andsoisconcernedforitself,asfarasthatconsciousnessextends(fromAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding)theLockeanself:aself-awareandself-reflectiveconsciousnessfixedinabodytabularasa(“blankslate”):themindisbornemptyandshapedbyexperience,ideasarecausedbysensationsandreflectionsLockeonEducation...IthinkImaysaythatofallthemenwemeetwith,ninepartsoftenarewhattheyare,goodorevil,usefulornot,bytheireducation.(fromSomeThoughtsConcerningEducation)