初中英语构词法.

王晓倩Word-formation构词法构词法体系Derivation派生法Composition合成法Conversion转化法简略词合成词缩略词掌握基本的构词法知识，对于正确地识记单词，扩大词汇量，提高记忆速度和记忆效果，培养自学能力，具有非常重要的意义。派生法（Derivation):是通过在词根（root）上加前缀（prefix)或者后缀(suffix)构成一个新词。•加前缀：happy---unhappy•加后缀：develop---development•既加前缀又加后缀：employ---unemployment前缀一般情况下只改变词根的意义，而不改变词根的词性。只有少数能引起词性的变化。mis-错误的+understandv.理解---misunderstandv.误解en+largeadj.大的---enlargev.扩大后缀往往能引起词性上的变化，有些也涉及意义上的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义，因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的意思推知。carev.照料---carefuladj.细心的workv.工作---workern.工人前缀意义用法例词un-不，未（=not)加在形容词或副词前unhappy,unnecessary,unexpected,unusual,,相反动作加在动词前uncover,untie,unlock,undressin-，il-im-，ir-不，非，无加在形容词或其派生的名词或副词前incomplete,impossible.impolite,irregular,inability,dis-表示否定加在名词或形容词前dishonour,羞辱表示相反加在动词前dislike,disbelieve表示分离剥夺除去加在名词或动词前discharge,排出dismiss解雇mis-表示错、误加在名词、动词或及其派生词前mistake,misfortune,不幸misunderstanding误解常见的否定前缀前缀意义用法例词re-表示：再一次，重新用于动词及派生名词名词、形容词及其它名词前(=again)renew,续借reborn,rebuild,reappear,retellfore-表示：时间或位置的“在前面”加在动词或名词前(=before)foresee,foreleg,foretell预言,foreknow预卜pre-表示：在前、事先、预先加在名词或形容词前(before,infront,inadvance)prepay,prewar,preschool,prehistorypost-表示：时间和顺序的“在后边”加在名词或形容词前(=after,behind)post-war,post-graduatea-表示：在之上，向，在里加在动词或名词前，构成派生形容词、副词或介词asleep,along,aloud,,alive,acrossco-表示：联合、共同加在名词或动词前co-worker,coexistco-own,co-ownerinter-表示:“互相”、“在一起”加在名词、形容词前构成动词(=between,among)interchange,internationalmid-表示：中间加在名词前(=middle)midday,midnightsuper-表示：高级、在之上加在名词前(=above,over,upon)superpower,超级大国，superstructure上层建筑表示时间和其他关系的前缀前缀意义例词sub-下面的；亚，次subway,subtitle(副标题）semi-半semi-final,semiconductor(半导体）vice-副vice-premier,vice-chairmanuni-单unilateral(单方面的）bi-双bicycle,bimonthly（双月的）multi-多multinational(多国的）auto-自动，自主automobile,automation(自动化）anti-反、防anti-tank,anti-socialex-前ex-president,ex-wifetrans-跨越;移transport,translate后缀意义用法例词表示人-er从事…职业的人，做…的人，…地方的人加在动词、名词、形容词上teacher,workerlearner,-or与-er同义外来后缀，加在外来词上visitor,conductoreducator,translator-eer从事于...的人用于外来词engineer,volunteermountaineer-ess女...的加于名词后，表示阴性actress,waitress-ician...(专)家，...工作者加在以-ic结尾的名词或形容词上physician,politicianmusician-ist从事...职业的人，从事某种...文艺、学术的人，...主义者加在名词上，或–ize结尾的动词上，或以-al结尾的其它词上artist,socialistcommunistphysicist表示物-er表示从事某工作的物加在动词和名词或复合词上washer,洗衣机-or表示从事某工作的物加在动词上conductor,导体，表示人和物的名词后缀后缀--er的构词能力用法例词表示“人”，加在动词上listener,adviser,speaker,writer,driver,teacher,worker,singer,leader,waiter,runner,discoverer,explorer,maker表示“人”，加在名词上banker,,officer,lawyer,prisoner,geographer,joker,表示“人”，加在某些地点名词或某些形容词Londoner,NewYorker,villager,Britisher,southerner,foreigner,outsider,stranger表示“人”，加在复合词上housekeeper,管家,looker-on,旁观者表示“物”，加在动词上washer,boiler,container,lighter,打火机drawer,表示“物”，加在名词上steamer,蒸笼washer,表示“物”，加在复合词上loudspeaker,既表示“人”也表示“物”，加在动词上fighter,战斗机printer,打印机印刷者recorder,ruler-agemarriage,luggage,postage邮费-urefailure,temperature,pressure,pleasure,-itymajority,opportunity,-mentargument,statement,achievement,amusement,equipment-ismcommunism,criticism,internationalism,socialism-anceappearance,entrance,-domkingdom,wisdom,freedom-ydifficulty,discovery,bravery,machinery-alarrival,refusal,disapproval,-nesskindness,illness,brightness,selflessness,correctness-shipcitizenship,friendship,professorship,hardship,comradeship-hoodchildhood,brotherhood,兄弟情谊，-thstrength,growth,length,wealth,truth-erybravery,slavery,chemistry,surgery,machinery抽象名词和集体名词的后缀规则例词几乎所有以-ate结尾的动词在变为名词时首先去掉e再加-ion.educate/education,liberate/liberation,translate/translation,graduate/graduation,separate/separation,operate/operation多数以-t结尾的动词直接在词尾加-ion,少数以-te结尾的动词首先去掉e再加-ion.act/action,invent/invention,inspect/inspection,elect/election,select/selection,connect/connection,collect/collection,instruct/instruction,devote/devotion,pollute/pollution多数以-ss结尾的动词直接加-ion.discuss/discussion,oppress/oppression,express/expression,possess/possession多数以-de结尾与少数以-d结尾的动词先把-de或-d变成-s再加-ion.decide/decision,divide/division,provide/provision,invade/invasion,expand/expansion,extend/extension以-mit结尾的动词，先把t变成-ss,再加-ion.admit/admission,commit/commission,承诺permit/permission,transmit/transmission转交多数以-fy结尾的动词先把y改成i再加-cation,少数以-efy或-fy结尾的动词先去掉y再加-action.satisfy/satisfaction,modify/modification,修改有些动词不是加-ion,而是加-ition,-tion,-ation或-sion而变成名词，其中有些词根因读音关系而发生了变化。add/addition,attend/attention,absorb/absorption,describe/description,produce/production,reduce/reduction,solve/solution,determine/determination,explain/explanation,found/foundation,observe/observation,transport/transportation意义用法例词-ate表示：使成为，成为...，处理，使化合见于外来词，由外来词根组成，不能活用educate,translate,imitate,calculate,operate,hesitate,-en表示：变为，使为，变为有，使有加在形容词上，有时加在名词上，通常构成及物动词darken,weaken,deepen,sharpen,frighten,strengthen-fy表示：使成为，使...化加在名词或形容词上，构成及物动词和少数不及物动词beautify,uglify,satisfy,terrify,electrify,purify-ish表示：使...,令...大多是从法语输入的词，不能构成新词finish,accomplish,punish,publish,astonish-ize-ize表示：使成，变成，...化加在名词或形容词上，构成及物动词或少数不及物动词modernize,democratize民主化revolutionize,realize,sympathize后缀意义用法例词-able可/能…的加在名词或及物动词后valuable,horrible,-al有...性质的加在名词后natural,technical,actual-ant,-ent...的加在外来动词词干上important,pleasant,excellent-ic,-ical...性质的，与...有关的加在外来词干的名词上atomic原子,basic基本的-ish稍带..