英国文学伊丽莎白时期戏剧

HistoricalbackgroundSocially1.“”TheHundredYears”War(1337-1453)•betweenFranceandEngland;themysteriousJoanofArcHistoricalbackgroundSocially2.TheWarsoftheRoses(1455-1485)•betweenthehousesofYork(whiteroseemblem)andLancaster(redrose)forpossessionofthethrone;HistoricalbackgroundSocially3.Theparliament•theurbancraftsmenandsmallbusinessmenastrongsourceofeconomicaidtothekings;theHouseofCommonsasrepresentativesfromthecountiesandboroughswhilethenobilitiesretainedtheirpositionintheHouseofLordsHistoricalbackgroundSocially4.Agricultural→manufacturing+tradeLandEnclosure圈地运动;HistoricalbackgroundSocially5.Discoveryandexpansion•Virginiacoast,EastIndiescompany,seapiracy,newmarketsforeigntrade;newriches,newadventuresgavepeopleboundlesshopeandconfidence,esp.underthereignofElizabethI(1558-1603)HistoricalbackgroundSocially6.GreatsocialmobilityasaresultofthemoneyedeconomyHistoricalbackgroundSocially7.RoyaltytheTudors:HenryVIIunifiedEngland•（notScotlandandIreland）•HenryVIII(1509-1547)•Mary(1553-1558)•Elizabeth(1558-1603)HistoricalbackgroundSocially7.Royalty•theStuarts:JamesI(1603-1685)•JamesII(1685-1688)•WilliamandMary•(1688-1702)HistoricalbackgroundIdeologically•1.Copernicus(1473-1543,Polishastronomer)andGermanJohannesKepler’sdiscoveryofthecenteroftheuniverse(heliocentric,notEarth,EcirclesaroundtheSun)•ItalianGalileo’s(1564-1642)gravitationalforce,discoveryofJupiter’ssatellites,Moon’smountainousnature,etc.HistoricalbackgroundIdeologically2.Renaissance:ArevivalorrebirthoftheartisticandscientificrevivalwhichoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandwhichinfluencedtherestofEuropeinagreatvarietyofwaysinthenexttwocenturies.Broadly,itistypifiedHistoricalbackgroundbythespreadofhumanismwhichwasfoundintheclassicworksofGreekandRomanculture.Againstthemedievalfeudalvalueandblindfaithinafter-life,thehumanistsbelievedinman’scapabilityofselfperfectionandemphasizedtheimportanceofpersonalworthandthejoyofthepresentlife.HistoricalbackgroundIdeologicallyReligiousreformation•MartinLuther,newinterpretationsandquestioningoftheRomanCatholicbeliefsandauthority;athome,anationaldetestationforthegreedy,corruptedChurch,andadissatisfiedKing,HenryVIII.(inlovewithAnneBoleyn,hispleafordivorcefromCatherineofAragon(princessofHistoricalbackgroundSpain,wifeofhislateelderbrother),twicerejectedbythePope,madehimselfthesupremeHeadofChurchofEnglandin1534;removedtheabbotsfromtheHouseofLordsandconfiscatedthechurchs’landanddivideditamonghisnobles;withafewyears’exception(Mary1553-1558),Protestantism（新教)wasfirmlyestablishedinEngland,withonlyIrelandkeepingtoRomanCatholicismLiterature1.translationa).classicandItalianandFrenchworks:•PlatoandAristotle•Plutarch’sLivesoftheNobleGreciansandRomans•Ovid’sMetamorphoses•Homer’sIliadandOdyssey•Virgil’sAeneid•Horace,Seneca,Plautus,DanteLiterature[SonnetsandBlankversewasintroducedintoEngland,comedyandtragedyflourished.]Literature1.translationb).theBibleintoEnglish•theKingJamesBible,orthe“AuthorizedVersion,”47translators,over10years,publishedin1611Literature2.Englishliterature(imitation,assimilation&creation)“Everythingisthere,butnothingremainsthesame.”(forShakespeare)Literature2.Englishliterature•Poetry:•EdmundSpenser,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonson,JohnDonne,JohnMilton•epics:Homer,Vigil,Dante//Spenser,Milton•sonnets:Petrarch,Dante//Shakespeare,Sidney“Arcadia”,Jonson,DonneandAndrewMarvellLiterature2.Englishliterature•Drama:•ChristopherMarlowe,W.ShakespeareandBenJonson•comedy,tragedy,tragic-comedy,history,satire•Prose:•FrancisBaconandThomasMore(Utopia)III.OriginofEnglishDramaOrigin•ReligiousfestivalcelebrationsinMiddleAges•religiousliturgy礼拜仪式III.OriginofEnglishDramaOrigin1.Mysteryplays•amateurplaysbasedonbiblicalstories;•inthe14thcentury,duringfestivalslikeEaster;•actedfirstbychurchclergyinorinfrontofthechurch,andthenbycommonfolkoutsideinthestreet,(citytradeguilds);III.OriginofEnglishDramaOrigin1.Mysteryplays•cyclesofmystery,suchascreationandjudgment;•firstinLatinandtheninvernacular,;•authorsanonymous.III.OriginofEnglishDramaOrigin2.Miracleplays•ofthelivesanddeedsofthesaintsorimportantfigureslikeVirginMary;•afurtherdevelopmentofMysteryplays.III.OriginofEnglishDramaOrigin3.Moralityplays:•religiousallegoryindramaticform;personifyingabstractqualities(Everyman,GoodDeeds,Death,Knowledge);III.OriginofEnglishDrama•individualstruggleforsalvation;•didacticillustrations;•Everyman(c.1495)andBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress.[Todaymainlyfoundinpageantsandmasque.]ElizabethanDrama(the16-early17thcen.)thegoldenageofEnglishdramaElizabethanDrama1.Mainfeatures:A.fromahandfulofscholarstoalargeaudience,highorlow;fromcourttopublic;fromprivatehousestopublictheatresontheoutskirtsofLondon,e.g.GlobalTheatre(groundlings,balconyseaters);ElizabethanDrama1.Mainfeatures:B.fromepictotragedyandcomedy;fromthegranderaspirationstoworldlylife;fromperfectheroestoimperfectones(withflaws,foiblesandlimitations)---soastobeclosertoaudience;evilsarealsoshowntoteachpeoplelessonsElizabethanDrama1.Mainfeatures:C.professionalplaywrights(UniversityWits)andtheatricaltroupesbackedupbysomenoblepatronage;D.n