frame-semantics框架语义学

ApplyingframesemanticstocollegeEnglishvocabularyteachingtangyinEastChinaNormalUniversity1TheNotionofFrame•Petruckdefinesframeinhis1996work•aframeisanysystemofconceptsrelatedinsuchawaythattounderstandanyoneconceptitisnecessarytounderstandtheentiresystem;introducinganyoneconceptrusultsinallofthembecomingavaliable(Petruck1996:1)developement•Theframetheorywasfirstlyputforwardandusedinthefieldofartificialintelligence(AI).InthebookAFrameworkforRepresentingKnowledge,Minskystatedthathumanknowledgeisstoredinmindintheformofknowledgestructures,whichhecalledframe.•FillmoreborrowedthenotionofframefromtheAIfieldanddevelopedhisowntheoryofframeinlinguistics.•Fillmoredefinedframeas“anysystemoflinguisticchoices-theeasiestcasesbeingcollectionsofwords,butalsoincludingchoicesofgrammaticalrulesorlinguisticcategories-thatcangetassociatedwithprototypicalinstancesofscenes”(Fillmore,1975:124)presentstudies•Presentstudiesonframesemanticshavecoveredthefieldsrangingfrommorphologytodiscourseanalysis,translationandlanguageacquisition.Forthemostpart,studiesonframesemanticsfocusedonlexicography,especiallycomputationallexicography.basicconcepts•ThebasicassumptionofFrameSemanticsisthatinordertounderstandthemeaningofthewordsinalanguagewemustfirsthaveknowledgeoftheconceptualstructures,orsemanticframes,whichprovidethebackgroundandmotivationfortheirexistenceinthelanguageandfortheiruseindiscourse.frameelement•Aframeelementissimplyaregularparticipant,feature,orattributeofthekindofsituationdescribedbyaframe•.eg.Marriageframeincludehusband,wife,weddingceremony,weddingdate,bestmanetc.ApplyingframesemanticstocollegeEnglishVocabularyTeachinginChina•AmodelforEnglishVocabularyteaching•(1)theprior-framingstage,whenweencounterthenewwordsincontextandusethecontextascognitiveinformationtohelptoevokespecificframesforfurthermeaningunderstandinginthelaterstage•Eg.TheaudienceofthisTVprogramdwindledconsiderablyinnumberwiththechangeofhosts.•Thetargetworddwindleexpressesachangeofthenumberoftheaudience,whichwascausedbythechangeofhosts.Thisinformationwillcontributetotheidentificationofaspecificframeforthetargetworddwindleinournextstage.•(2)theframingstage,whenwordmeaningarelearnedandconsolidatedthroughframeconstructionanddescription,ie,theprocessofframing•Eg.TheaudienceofthisTVprogramdwindledconsiderablyinnumberwiththechangeofhosts.•Wecangiveadefinitiontoitagainsttheframe:thesize,number,etc.(ATTRIBUTE)ofsomething(ITEM)becomessmallerbyacertainDIFFERENCE,orchangesfromahigherposition(INITIALSTAGE)toalowerposition(FINALSTATE).•(3)thepost-framingstage,whenweenhancestudents’masteryofthenewwordsthroughreframing,ie,trytoapplythetargetwordstodifferentcontexts.ImplicationsforcollegeEnglishvocabularyteaching•Teachingframe-relevantknowledgeandconstructingsemanticframes•Usingframesfororiginalmeaningstofacilitateextendedmeaningunderstanding•Emphasizingculturaldifferencesofframes框架语义学与间接回指•回指(anaphora)指的是语言表达中的一个词或短语在语篇中被用来回指同一语篇中另一个词或短语的语言现象。前者通常叫做照应成分(anaphor),后者称为先行成分(antecedent)。•回指包括直接回指(directanaphora)和间接回指(indirectanaphora)。•Ienteredintoavillage.Thechurchwasverylarge.•先行成分village和照应成分thechurch不存在明显的共指关系,但照应成分也有回指的作用,通过推理也能达到语篇连贯。这种现象就是间接回指。•框架语义学认为,为了理解语言中词的意义,首先要有一个概念结构,这个概念结构为词在语言及言语中的存在和使用提供背景和动因。这个概念结构就是语义框架。•Fillmore认为理解一个概念系统中的任何一个概念,必须以理解它所适应的整个结构为前提。当这样一个概念结构中的诸多概念中的一个被置入到一个文本或一次交谈中时,(该概念结构中)其他所有的概念都自动被激活(Fillmore,1982)。框架语义学在间接回指中理解的应用•SuecaughtaplanefromLondontoParis.Aftershehadfoundherseatshecheckedwhetherthesafetybeltwasbeneathit,butshecouldnotfindit.Sosheaskedtheflightattendanttofindoneforher.(Ungerer&Friedrich,1996)•照应成分thesafetybelt和theflightattendant与第一句中的先行成分aplane并没有共指一个概念,但却有共指的作用,并形成连贯的语篇。•认知范畴概念PLANE¹可以激活同属于[FLYINGONTHEPLANE]º这个框架中的所有概念,例如,PILOT,FLIGHTATTENDANT,LIFEVEST,SAFETYBELT,FIRSTCLASS,ECONOMYCLASS,SAFTYINSTRUCTIONS等等。•读者也就能推理出了thesafetybelt和theflightattendant作为照应成分和先行成分aplane所指代的概念同属于一个框架t•thesafetybelt和heflightattendant指代的是aplane上的安全带和乘务员。这样间接回指中的指称确定问题就得到了解决。•同一框架内概念之间的关系也是我们进行推理的必要条件。如果概念之间的关系没有参与语篇理解的认知操作,间接回指现象仍然得不到合理的解释。•1.Ihadtroublewithmycaryesterday.Thecarburetorwasdirty.•2.Ihadtroublewithmycaryesterday.Theashtraywasdirty.•例一：CAR这个概念激活了(HAVINGTROUBLEWITHTHECAR),这个框架中不仅包括框架元素(CAR)和(CARBURETOR),还存在它们之间的关系,即化油器脏了导致汽车出毛病•例二,虽然每个汽车都有烟灰缸,因为烟灰缸不干净并不能引起汽车出毛病,框架(HAVINGTROUBLEWITHTHECAR)就无法被激活。这样就是一个不连贯的语篇。