Chapter 3 Morphological Structure and Word-Formati

Chapter3MorphologicalStructureandWord-FormationDefinition•Morphologyisabranchofgrammarthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.•Wordsarenotformedatrandom;rathertheyareformedaccordingtocertainrules.Theaimofmorphologyis,thus,tofindouttheserules.3.1Thecomponentpartsofaword---------morphemes•Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.’thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords’(Crystal1985)•Amorphemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.Denaturalizationde-,nature,-al,ize,-ation•de-(todotheoppositeof,remove);•nature(thequalityofwhichmakesomeoneorsomethingdifferentfromothers,character;thewholeworld,esp.assomethinglastingandnotchangedbypeople)•-al(of,concerning,orhavingthecharacterof);•-ize/-ise(tomakeofthestatedtypeorputintothestatedcondition;tobecomeoractas)•-ization(suffix---n)ation•Word&Morpheme•Awordisthesmallestmeaningfulunitwhichcanbeusedindependently.•Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesmeaning.•Awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Butawordisthesmallestmeaningfulunitwhichcanbeusedindependently.3.2Allomorphs词素/形位变体•Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs形素.•Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword..Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.allomorphs•cats/s/•Eg.plurality{-s}bags/z/•matches/iz/•/im/improper•Prefix{in-]/ir/irregular•/il/illogical3.3TypesofmorphemesFree/contentBound/GrammaticalMorphemesMorphemes(root)boundrootaffixesinfixprefixsuffix•3.3.1FreeMorphemes•Morphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarecalledfreemorphemes.•man,earth,car,anger•Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot.Therefore,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroot.••3.3.2Bound/GrammaticalMorphemes•Somemorphemescannotbeusedbythemselvesandtherefore,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.Theyarecalledboundmorphemesorgrammaticalmorphemes.•re-collect-ion;•ideal-ist-ic,•ante-ced-ent•collect,ideal,ced:rootmeaning•re-;-ion;-ist;-ic;ante(before)-;-ent(personorthing)TypesofBoundMorphemes•Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix.•Boundroot•Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.•-dict-(Latinroot,‘sayorspeak’,notaword)•Withprefix,itcanformwordssuchas:contradict：speakagainstpredict:tellbeforehand•Withthesuffix–ion,weformcontradictionandprediction;withthesuffix–or,wehavecontradictorandpredictor.•re-collect-ion;•ideal-ist-ic,•ante-ced-ent•collect,ideal,ced:rootmeaning•Ced,cede,ceed,cess:(L.)go,yieldeg.antecedent:someoneorsomethingthatgoesbeforeorprecedes;exceed:togobeyond,surpass;recess:agoingback•Affix:re-;-ion;-ist;-ic;ante(before)-;-ent(personorthing)•cid,cis(L)cut,kill•incise切开，切入,circumcise行割礼，净心,precise精确的,准确的,concise简明、洁,insecticide,patricide杀父罪（者),suicide•2.Affixes.Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.•Almostallaffixesareboundmorphemesbecausefewcanbeusedasindependentwords.•Affixescanbeputintotwogroups:inflectional(曲折词缀）andderivationalaffixes（派生词缀）.•Inflectionalaffixesorinflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.•Theonesthathavebeenretainedinclude:•-(e)s,(indicatingpluralityofnouns)•-(e)s,(indicatingthirdpersonsingular,presenttense)•-(e)d,(indicatingpasttenseforallthreepersons)•-ing,(indicatingprogressiveaspect)•-er,(indicatingcomparativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs)•-est,(indicatingsuperlativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs)•-’s,(indicatingthepossessivecaseofnouns)•Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingform(stem)tocreateaword.Suchawayofword-formationiscalledderivationandthenewwordformedbyderivationiscalledaderivative.•Audi-(meaning“lis-tening”)e.g.auditor,audience,audi’torium礼堂•Gene-(meaning“life”),e.g.generate,genetic遗传的,‘genital生殖的•Semi-(meaning“half”),e.g.semiconductor半导体,semifinal半决赛•Aqu-(meaning“water”)e.g.:a’quarium养鱼缸,水族馆,a’quatic水生的aqua’relle水彩画‘aquashow水上表演•-loqu-(meaning“speech”e.g.:eloquent,lo‘quacious爱说话的,多嘴的,so’liloquy自言自语•-ium(meaning“hall”),e.g.:stadium体育场,,gym‘nasium健身房,auditorium•-path(meaning‘emotion”)e.g.:sympathy,empathy同感;共鸣•toler-(meaning“endure”),e.g.tolerate,tolerable•thermo-(meaning“heat”),e.g.ther’mometer温度计,thermo‘static恒温的,thermo’nuclear热核的•manu-(meaning“hand”),.e.g.:manuscript手稿,manual,manufacture制造；生产