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423Ainamo,Antti,EvolutionoftheFinnishSystemofInnovation:TheContributionofNokia.In:BrianFynesandSeanEnnis(Eds.)CompetingfromthePeriphery:CoreIssuesinInternationalBusiness..Dublin:TheDrydenPress,1997:423-439THEEVOLUTIONOFTHEFINNISHSYSTEMOFINNOVATION:THECONTRIBUTIONOFNOKIAANTTIAINAMOINTRODUCTIONForaneconomy,beingperipheralmeansnotbeingfullyintegratedintotheglobaleconomy.Theintellectualandeconomicrewardsofparticipationinglobalindustrialnetworksaregreatestatthe'core'ofthenetworks.Themissionofperipheraleconomiesinmoderntimeshasbeento'catchup'(Hampden-TurnerandTrompenaars,1994)or'undertake'(Freeman,1995)withthemoredevelopedoradvancedeconomiesatthecore.Thestrategyofthepublicpolicymakersinmostperipheraleconomieshasbeentoimplementabroadrangeofpoliciesdesignedtoaccelerate,ortomakepossible,industrialisationandeconomicgrowth.Thischapterdescribes,fromahistoricalperspective,Finland'sstrategyofcatchingupwiththecore.InviewingFinland'sindustrialstrategyofcompetingfromtheperipheryasaseriesofstagesofeconomicdevelopment,thechapterdescribesitseconomy-widestrategicchanges,illustratingthesechangeswithadescriptionoftheimpactofNokiaCorporation'sfirm-levelstrategyontheFinnisheconomyasawhole.Implicationsforpublicpolicyofothereconomiesarealsosuggested.StagesofeconomicdevelopmentAperipheraleconomyisusuallyisolatedfromthecorebygeographicaldistance;byalackoftransportationinfrastructure;byauniqueorrarelanguageorculturalheritagethatisunknown424totheoutsideworld;byalackofeducation,politicalstability,globallyincompatibleindustrialstandards;orbythesmallsizeofitsmarket.Allthesefactorscontributetohowothereconomiesgivelittleconsiderationtothiseconomy'sneedsordesires.Yetperipheralityisnotasimpleon/offfeaturethataneconomyeitherhasorhasnot.Peripheralityisavariablethatisdynamicallycontingentonthesituationoftheeconomy:Thereiswideagreement(e.g.Vernon,1966;Porter,1990;Freeman,1995)thatthevariousdegreesofperipheralitycanbeseenas'stages'ofeconomicdevelopment(seeFigure1).Figure1FourStagesofNationalCompetitiveDevelopment••Source:Porter,1990,p.546.Accordingtothisviewthegrowthofeconomiesis,typically,initiallydrivenbynaturalendowments.Porter(1990)hasfoundthatperipheraleconomiescansuccessfullycompeteonthebasisofnaturalendowments,aslongasnaturalendowmentslastandcostsdonotrise.Wheneitherofthesecontingenciesoccur,thereisanimperativefortheeconomytoprogresstowardsthecorethroughinvestmentsandinnovation.Intheinvestment-drivenstage,investmentsinforeignmanufacturingtechnologyandmethodsareappliedtothelocalsetting,adaptedtosuittheparticularcircumstancesofthosesettingsandimprovedupon.Thepurposeofinvestingistodevelopasuperioraccumulatedbaseofinvestments:here,consistencyandcontinuityofinvestmentsarethekey.Thelongerthedurationofcontinuousinvestment,thegreaterthebarriertoentryforrivals.Anationalstrategydrivenbyinvestmentresultsinanaccumulationofup-frontinvestmentasacompetitiveadvantagebecauserivalsfinditdifficultorimpossibletomatchdecadesorcenturiesofinvestment.However,marketsmaychangeortechnologymaybeupdatedorradicallyimprovedbyothers.Suchsourcesofturbulencemaydecreasethevalueofaccumulatedinvestment:policymakerswouldthenbewisertomovegraduallytowardsthenextstage.FactorDrivenInvestmentDrivenInnovationDrivenWealthDriven425Theinnovation-drivenstageischaracterisednotonlybytheapplicationandimprovementoftechnology,butalsobythecreationofnewtechnologythatisnewnotonlytotheperiphery,butalsotothecore.Thisstageprovidessuperiorincentivesandrewardsincomparisontothefactor-drivenandinvestment-drivenstrategies.Yet,likethefactor-drivenandtheinvestment-drivenstagesofdevelopment,theinnovationstagealsorequiresacaveat.Forthisstagetobesustainable,wealththatisgeneratedthroughinnovationshouldbeinvestedinindustrytofurtherincreasecompetitiveness;however,wealthsometimesdegradesthecost-competitivenessoflabourandtechnologyandmotivationforinnovation.Thewealth-drivenstageistriggeredwhenwealthcreatedbyinnovationceasestobethemediumthatmakesfurtherinnovationandwealthcreationpossible.Whenwealthbecomesthecentralendinitself;investmentaccumulationandinnovationdegenerateorceasealtogether.PortercitestheexperienceofBritainasanexampleofaneconomythatbecamea'serviceeconomy'whereindustrialinnovationeffectivelyforalongtimeceasedtotakeplace.Britain,afirst-moveratthecoreofgloba1industrialnetworksduringthe19thcentury,digressedfromitscorepositionstowardstheperiphery.Diversityofnewideasisanessentialrequirementofinnovationbutattainmentofthewealth-drivenstagedegeneratestheintentoforiginalideals.Attentiontotheintensityofmarketselectionatthedensecoreofcompetitionrootsoutthenewideasthatdonotimmediatelycontributetoinnovationandwealthcreation.Thewealth-drivenstage,inthisrespect,equalsshort-termism.OneconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromtheexperienceofBritainisthatcompetitiveadvantagecanonlybesustainedinacompetitivenichewheretheeconomyremainsisolatedfromthecorebythevirtueofbeingperipheral.WithinPorter'sevolutionaryframeworkofeconomicdevelopment,economiesneedtodevelopuniquesystemsoflanguages,andskillsfortwo-waycommunicationwithdevelopmentatthec