英语《英语句子成分及基本结构》PPT课件

英语句子成分及基本结构（一）句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）句子的具体成分•主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。1Theroomisveryclean.（名词）2WeoftenspeakEnglish.（代词）3Eightismyluckynumber.（数词）4ToteachthemEnglishismyjob.=It'smyjobtoteachthemEnglish.（不定式）5Swimmingisgoodforourhealth.(动名词）谓语(predicate)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：•1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.HecanspeakEnglish.表语(predicative)表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,turn,look,sound,seem等）之后。1Iamateacher.（名词）2Iamten.（数词）3Hebecamerichandsuccessful.（形容词）4Everyoneishere.（副词）5Theyareathomenow.（介词短语）6MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.（不定式）宾语(object)宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词后面。1Heisplayingthepiano.（名词）2Heoftenhelpsme.（代词）3HelikestowatchTV.4HelikeswatchingTV.宾语补足语英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达对的意思相当于一个句子的意思。1WecalledhimDongming.（名词）2Wesawhimplayingsoccer.（现在分词）3Wesawhimplaysoccer.(不定式)4Wefoundmathdifficult.（形容词）5Mommakesmestudyingallday.（现在分词）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：1Sheisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2Mybeefnoodlesishere.(代词）（名词）3Theboywithglassesismybrother.(介词短语）4Ihavesomethingtosay.(不定式）状语(adverbial)•修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：1Tomrunsquickly.（副词）2Tomdiditcarefully.（副词）3Tomisverytall.(程度副词）4Igetupatsixeveryday.5Iplaysoccerverywell.状语种类如下1WearrivedatShanghaiatsixyesterday.（地点状语）（时间状语）2Shedidn’tgotothepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）3MrSmithlivesinAmerica.（地点状语）4Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）5Hewassotiredthathefellasleepquickly.（结果状语）6Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.Carol,anAmericanteacher,willcometoourschool.独立成分有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语：mum,dad。插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。1HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.2TomandMikeareAmericanboys.3Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.HewantstogotherebutIdon’thurryup,oryouwillbelate.ThishousebelongstoMr.Smith；itcostsmillionsofdollars.•3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。1TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall2ThisisthebookthatIwant.3Ithinkthatheisright.简单句的五种基本句型1主语+不及物动词：(主谓)1Wework.2Shecamejustnow．3Theywent.常见的不及物动词：comegoworkwalkswimarrivestaylaughhappen2主语+系动词+表语(主系表)系动词一be动词类：am、is、are、was、were二表示变化类：become、get、turn、grow、三感官动词类:looksoundsmelltastefeelseem1Heisastudent2Thatsoundsgood.3Theappletastessweet4Theybecomerich.3主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾）1Henryboughtadictionary.2Mikeatethreecakes3Shedrewabeautifulpicture.4、主语+谓语（及物动词）+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）1Myfatherboughtmeacar.=Myfatherboughtacarforme2Hegavemethreeyuan.=Hegavethreeyuantome初中阶段常见的给予动词用法有：bring/send/give/take通常加tosb.buy/make/cook/sing/draw通常加forsb.5、主语+谓语（及物动词）+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）1Wemadethebabylaugh./happy.2Iheardhimsing.3Isawhimdance.4Ifoundthebookinteresting.5WecallhimTom.6HisfathernamedhimTom.（叫，称呼）属于宾语+补足语的动词短语有1wantsbtodosth2wouldlikesbtodosth3asksbtodosth4tellsbtodosth5wishsbtodosth6helpsbtodosth7let/make/havesbdosth8see/hear/watchsbdo/doingsth