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TheU.SCourtSystemBasicintroductionThedual-tracksystemisusedintheUnitedStatescourtsystem.onesideisthefederalcourts,statecourtsonanotherside,bothsidesareindependentandparallel,untiltheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates---ThefederalSupremeCourt.Bothfederalcourtandstatecourt,whethercommonorspecial,thecourt’sbasicfunctionsaredividedintotwokinds:onekindisaTrialcourt,anotheristhecourtofappeals.美国的法院系统为“双轨制”,一边是联邦法院,一边是州法院,二者独立且平行,直到联邦最高法院,即合众国最高法院.无论是联邦法院还是州法院,无论是普通法院还是特别法院,都可以根据基本职能不同而分为两种:一种是审判法院(TrialCourts),一种是上诉法院(AppellateCourts)。TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt美国联邦最高法院.U.S.CourtsofAppeals联邦上诉法院StateSupreme(Highest)Courts州最高法院U.S.DistrictCourt联邦区法院U.S.claimscourt索赔法庭U.S.Taxcourt税务法庭U.S.Bankruptcycourt破产法庭U.S.Courtofinternationaltrade国际贸易法庭StateCourtsofAppeals州上诉法院TrialCourts初审法院theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesDifferentCompetence(管理权限)betweenfederalcourtandstatecourtThefederalcourtacceptthecasearound2%ofthetotal,thesecasesaremainlyconvictedbycongressionallegislation(国会立法).Mostofthecasesinvolvingfederalregulations(suchastax,socialsecurity,etc.),casesinvolvingregulationofinterstateandinternationalbusiness(suchasaviation(航空),railwayenterprise,etc.),casesinvolvingsecuritiesandcommoditiesregulation,maritime(海商),internationaltrade,bankruptcy,patents,royaltiesandothercasesinvolvingtreatyrights,foreignnationalitypersonage,aboutthemultiplenationalitiesinterstate(州际的)disputecase.Statecourtacceptthecasearound98%ofthetotal,thesecasesaremainlyconvictedbythestatelegislature,andcasesrelatedtothestateconstitution,andcasesinvolvingstatelawsandregulations,thefamilycases,estatecase,disputesbetweenlandlordandtenant(承租人),privatecontractdisputecase(exceptbankruptcy),involvingprofessionalnegligence(玩忽职守),accident,probate(遗嘱检查)andinheritance(遗产继承),partofthetrafficviolations(违规)andmotorvehicleregistration(动车注册).TheAmericanjurysystema)Thejuryonlyresponsibleforthemurder,kidnapping,deliberatelyharmsuchfelonyconvictions,suchasdivorce,custodyofthechildrenofsuchsmallcaseswithoutajury.陪审团只负责给凶杀、绑架、故意伤害这样的重罪定罪,比如离婚、孩子的抚养权这样的小案子就没有陪审团。b)Ifitisforseveralcrimesverdict,thejuryhastherighttodecidewhichisresponsiblefor,andwhichisnoguilty.如果是数罪一并裁决,陪审团有权利决定哪个有罪哪个无需负责。c)Thejurywouldnottoinvestigatethefacts,onlydefenseforlawyer,witnesstestimonyinthecourt,theydeterminewhetherthesuspectcommitacrime,butthespecificsentencingrightsownedbythejudge.陪审团不去调查事实,只在法庭上替律师辩护、证人证词,他们来决定嫌疑犯是否犯罪成立,但具体量刑权利归法官。d)Oncethedecisionmadebyjury,itcan’tbeoverwhelmedbythejudge.陪审团一经决定法官不可推翻裁决。TheU.S.federalcourttrialprocedure美国联邦法院审判程序1.Ameetingbeforeopeningcourt(庭前会议过程)2.Investigatingprocess(调查过程)3.Choosingjury(选择陪审员)4.Makefirstspeech(首轮陈辞)5.Comeupwithevidence(提出证据)6.Endspeech(结束陈辞)7.Pronouncejudgment(宣判结果)Christianfundamentalism•beganinthelate19th-andearly20th-century•amongBritishandAmericanProtestants(新教徒)•Thereisnounifiedorganization,thebasicprincipleisthatadheretotheChristianbeliefs,especiallytheBiblejudgmentagainstmodernismschool.Thegeneralsaystoholdtheadvocatesforfundamentalism.无统一组织,其基本主张是强调恪守基督教基本信仰,反对现代主义尤其是圣经评断学。一般称持上述主张者为基要派。Origin•From1910to1915,theBritish,Americanandsomeconservativechurchpeopleagainstmodernismandliberalism(自由主义),haspublished12volumesofcontentandthefiveroutestoroughlythesamebooklet,“general”thefundamentals,intheAngloAmericanwidelythroughoutthegift,thewidespreadimpact,andleadtoheateddebatebetweentheconservative(保守派)andmodern.Somescholarsbelievethatitwastheoriginoffundamentalism.•In1895bytheAmericaconservativereligiousleadersdefinefiveroutesis:•InerrancyoftheBible《圣经》无误谬性。•ThevirginbirthanddeityofJesusChrist耶稣基督乃由童贞女所生,并具有神性•ThedoctrineofSalvationbyFaithAlone“唯独因信称义”的教义•HebodilyresurrectionofJesusChrist相信耶稣基督肉身复活•ThebodilysecondcomingofJesusChrist相信耶稣基督将肉身再临Development•In1925,modernistfamoustheologistHarryEmersonFosdickwasforcedtoresignfromthePresbyterianministeroffice.•ThesameyearinTennesseeDaytonCitymiddleschoolteacherSkeiKopsHusseinteachingDarwin'stheoryofevolution,waschargedwithviolationofthebiblicalcreationdoctrinewasthecourtconvicted.(backgroundofthetext)•Attheendofthe40's,fundamentalismhadnewdevelopment,manyofthenewconservativetheologianscalledNeoEvangelicalism.(新福音派)•Theyinsistedontheirfundamentaliststance,notonlypersonalsalvationbutalsopayattentiontovarioussocialproblems.DifferencebetweenFundamentalistandNeoevangelicalism•Fundamentalistisemphasizedrespectively,conservative.Neoevangelicalismemphasizedfusion,toleranceandcompromise.BasetoberepresentativeofearlynationalismhasAmericanbiblicalscholarssuchasMemura,themainrepresentativeofcontemporary,BillyGraham,Connell.Mainpublications“Christianitytoday”.(今日基督教)ModernismI.DefinitionII.Development.Beginning•ThebeginningsofmodernisminFrance•Explosion(intheearly20thcenturyto1930)•Modernismcontinues(1930–1945)•AfterWorldWarII(mainlythevisualandperformingarts)I)IntroductionII)Inthe1960safterabstractexpressionismIV.MajorideasofmodernismV.MajorphilosophicalInfluencesonmodernismVI.MajorAmericanmodernistsDefinition•Modernismisaphilosophicalmovementthat,alongwithculturaltrendsandchanges,arosefromwide-scaleandfar-reach
本文标题:theholybible;thefundamentalism;mogernism;theUS
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