英语国家社会与文化入门Unit-8_Education_in_the_United_States

Amillionoutof3millionwhograduatefromhighschoolgoforhighereducation,Studentschosenonthebasisof:HighschoolrecordsRecommendationfromteachersImpressionmadeduringinterviewSATscoresHigherEducationThesystemofhighereducationiscomplex.Itcomprisesfourcategoriesofinstitutionsasfollows:(a)Universitycolleges,professionalschools,researchunits;(b)CollegeFour-yearcollege;a“liberalartscollege”or“collegeofartsandscience”;(c)Technicaltraininginstitution(d)Two-yrcommunitycollegeAnycanbeeitherpublicorprivateDonotenjoyequalprestigePrestigiousinstitutionusually(butnotalways)moreexpensiveSystemofHigherEducationNotes:(a).ApplicationRequirements:Highschoolrecords;Recommendationsfromhighschoolteachers;Interviews;SATs(ScholasticAptitudeTests).(b).About25%ofallschoolsofhighereducationintheUSareprivatelyoperatedbyreligiousorganizations.(c).Publicandprivatecollegesdependonthreesourcesofincome:studenttuition,endowmentsandgovernmentfunding.Publicinstitutionsreceivealargeportionofpublictaxmoneythanprivateschoolsdo.(d).CollegeorUniversity:fouryearsleadingtoaBachelorofArts(BA)oraBachelorofScience(BS)degree.(e).Communitycollege:--Lowerdivision(大学本科一二年级),twoyearsleadingtoanAssociateofArts(AA)degree.副学士--Upperdivision(大学本科三四年级),twoyearsleadingtoB.A.orB.S.(f).postgraduate:twoyearsleadingtoaMasterofArts(MA)degree.(g).Academiclevels--creditor“credithours”,or“points”.(Creditsareearnedbyattendinglecturesandbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminations.)(h).AcademicCalendar--TheacademicyearintheUnitedStatesisabout34weekslong;classesusuallybegininAugustorSeptemberandendinMayorJune.HowFactorsDetermininglevelofprestige.●Qualityof:TeachingfacultyResearchfacilities●Amountoffundingforlibraries●Specialprograms●CompetenceandnumberofapplicantsforadmissionChoosingacollegeorUniversityNeedtoknow:●School'soffered:master'sanddoctordegreesinboththeartsandscience.●Timeneededtocomplete:mostgraduatedegreesneed2-4years(specaillyspendmoretime)●Courses:LiberalArtsMajorandelectives(minors)●Earningcredits:undergraduatesneed120.●Numberofsemesters:10-16weeks.thefeaturesofthecollegesTheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveanational(federal)schoolsystem,eachofthe50statesoperatesitsownuniversities,andsodosomelargecitygovernment.About25%ofallschoolsofhighereducationareprivatelyoperatedbyreligiousorganizations.SeniorhighschoolCollege/universityDaycarecenter/prekindergartenkindergartenElementaryschoolJuniorhighschoolSchoolsystemintheunitedstatesSchoolsystemintheUnitedStatesBothpublicandprivatecollegesdependedonthreesourcesofincome:studentstuition,endowmentsandgovernmentfunding.Howlargeistheschool?——Somewithfewerthan100students,butsomewith10,000-20,000Whydothelargeuniversitiesflourish?——ThebestlibrariesandfacilitiesforscientificresearchTrendsinDegreeProgram●1970s--1980s:studentswerechoosingmajorfieldsthatwouldpreparethemforspecificjobs●1987--56%ofthe4-yrbachelor'sdegreeswereconferredinmanynewmajors●now,inmanyways,newpopularityofliberalartsisareturntotheearlytraditionsofAmericaneducationTheServicemen’sReadjustmentActPassedin1944,Itwassoonpopularlycalledthe“GIBillofRights”.GIwasanicknamefortheAmericansoldier,whichcamefromtheabbreviationfor“GovernmentIssue”—theuniformsandotherarticles”issued”toaSoldier.TheActpromisedfinancialaid,IncludingaidforhighereducationtomembersofthearmedforcesAffirmativeActionProgramsAdvocatedbysomecollegesin1960.Thepurposeoftheprogramswastoequalizeeducationalopportunitiesforallgroupsandtomakeupforpastinequalitybygivingspecialpreferencetomembersofminoritiesseekingjobsoradmissiontocollege.changeandcompromiseDealtwithallapplicants--minoritiesincluded--onabasisthatwasnotrestrictedtohighschoolperformanceandentrancetests,butwhichtookintoaccountthetalents,voluntaryactivitiesandlifeexperienceofthestudents.Moreequitablenowthroughblacksstillsomewhatlagging--African-Americansstilllaggingbehindinobtainingcollegedegrees.Only43%ofAfrican-Americanswhoentercollegegraduate--20%lowerthantheratefrowhites.TopTenUniversities1.HarvardUniversity2.PrincetonUniversity3.YaleUniversity4.ColumbiaUniversity5.StanfordUniversity6.UniversityofPennsylvania7.CaliforniaInstituteofTech8.MassachusettsInstituteofTech(MIT)9.DartmouthCollegeandDukeUniversity10.UniversityofChicagoHarvardUniversityPrincetonUniversityYaleUniversityColumbiaUniversityStanfordUniversityUniversityofPennsylvaniaCaliforniaInstituteofTechMassachusettsInstituteofTech(MIT)DartmouthCollegeDukeUniversityUniversityofChicago