高级法学英语1-3

1高校硕士研究生专业英语精品教材高级法学英语中南财经政法大学研究生部精品教材研究课题（2012—2014）2编写说明《高级法学英语》旨在培养学习者借助已有的基础英语为工具学习法学知识，在法学知识的学习过程中，习得专业语言。编写原则既遵循语言学习的内在规律性，又充分体现法学知识的专业特点，重在提高法学硕士研究生的专业英语思辨能力。课文取材不再是一般法学知识的简要陈述，而是以问题研究为导向的深入探讨。语料源于英美学者2012年以来发表的论文或出版的著作。全书共十个单元。单元课文阅读量为5000英文单词。每单元由课文、生词、注解、练习和法律英语汉译技巧组成。单元课文是由三篇各1500字左右的文章组成一个内容完整、主题突出的统一体，以有利于学习者贯通知识，进一步深入分析探讨。课文内容包括普通法系与大陆法系的比较、合同与准合同、商人法与商法、欧洲统一销售法、国际环境法、公平招聘法律问题、跨国离婚法律问题、有子女的父母犯罪量刑问题、英格兰与苏格兰刑事拘留问题、美国法学教育与改革等专题。法学英语翻译技巧包括基本翻译技巧----加注、增补、省略、转换、切分、合并，以及句子翻译技巧----名词从句的翻译、状语从句的翻译、定语从句的翻译和长句的翻译。单元练习包括阅读理解问题、词汇练习、短文翻译和课文概要写作。本教程设计阅读总量为50000英文单词，生词概率为2%，适合大学英语四级水平以上且有相当法学基础的学习者使用。3CONTENTSUNITONECONTRACTLAWSectionAUnderstandingofContractSectionBMistakeinContractSectionCQuasi-ContractSectionDTranslationSkill:AnnotationUNITTWOLITIGATINGMARITALPROPERTYANDSUPPORTRIGHTSFORINTERNATIONALDIVORCESectionAJurisdictionandProcedureinInternationalDivorceLitigationSectionBDefiningPropertyandsupportrightsSectionCRecognizingandEnforcingMaritalPropertyandSupportOrdersSectionDTranslationSkill:AmplificationUNITTHREEAFAMILYLAWPERSPECTIVEONPARENTALINCARCERATIONSectionAFamilyLawandChildDevelopmentSectionBApproachestoConsiderationofChildren’sInterestsSectionCProposalforConsiderationofChildren’sInterestsWhenSentencingParentsSectionDTranslationSkill:OmissionUNITFOURFAIRNESSANDINEQUALITINEMPLOYMENTDISCRIMINATIONLITIGATIONSectionAHowPeopleAssessLegalFairness:TowardanAnalysisofSituatedJusticeSectionBEmploymentCivilRightsSectionCTowardUnderstandingSituatedJusticeSectionDTranslationSkill:ShiftofPerspectiveUNITFIVELAWMERCHANTSectionAFoundationsoftheLawMerchantSectionBTheLawinLawMerchantSectionCTwenty-first-centuryLawMerchantSectionDTranslationSkill:DivisionUNITSIXCOMMOMEUROPEANSALESLAWSectionATheSubstantiveScopeoftheCESLSectionBPossibleRoutesforMemberstoReachtheAgreementSectionCFurtherQuestionsfromtheProposalwithintheFrameworkSectionDTranslationSkill:CombinationUNITSEVENANEWDAWNFORSCOTTISHCRIMINALPROCEDURESectionAArrest,CustodyandPolicePowersSectionBAccesstoLegalAssistance4SectionCRequirementforCorroborationSectionDTranslationSkill:TranslationofNounClauseUNITEIGHTINTERNATIONALLAWOFENVIROMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTANDTHEESPOOCONVENTIONSectionATheObligationtoEIASectionBContentofanEIASectionCChallenginganEIA:JudicialReviewSectionDTranslationSkill:TranslationofAdverbialClauseUNITNINETHEEFFICIENCYOFTHECOMMONLAW:THEPUZZLEOFMIXEDLEGALFAMILIESSectionAThehistoryofthecommonlawSectionBMixedJurisdictionsandMixedLegalFamiliesSectionCTHEEconomicModelSectionDTranslationSkill:TranslationofAttributiveClauseUNITTENAMERICANLAWSCHOOLEDUCATIONSectionAHistoryofLegalEducationSectionBLawSchoolRankingsSectionCLawSchoolEducationReformSectionDTranslationSkill:TranslationofLongClauseAppendixKeytotheExercise5UNITONECONTRACTLAWSectionAUnderstandingofContract1Intheeyesoflawyerstheword“contract”isusedincommonspeech,simplytorefertoawritingcontainingtermsonwhichthepartieshaveagreed.“Contract”isoftenusedinamoretechnicalsensetomeanapromise,orasetofpromises,thatthelawwillenforceoratleastrecognizeinsomeway.Britishlawdefinescontractasanagreementarisingfromofferandacceptance.Onepartymakesanoffer,andanotherpartyacceptsthatoffer.Whenthishashappened(providedthatothernecessaryfactors,namely,considerationandintentiontocontract,arepresent)thereisacontract.2Inarguingthedefinitionofcontractsomejurisprudentsthinkneitherpromisenoragreementiscompletelysatisfactoryasabasisforthedefinition.TheyclaimthatthedefinitionoftheAmericanRestatementignoresthebargain—theexchangeofequivalentswhichistheessenceofacontract.Noindicationismadeinthedefinitionthatthetypicalcontractisatwo-sidedaffair,somethingbeingpromisedordoneononesideinreturnforsomethingbeingpromisedordoneontheotherside.Thustosaythatacontractcansimplybe“apromise”istooverlookthefactthatthereisgenerallysomeactorpromisegiveninreturnfortheotherpromisebeforethatpromisebecomesacontract.Eventosaythatacontractmayconsistof“asetofpromises”givesnoindicationthatsomeofthesepromisesareusuallygiveninreturnforsome6others.Butitwouldbewrongtoassumethatallcontractsaregenuinebargainsinwhichsomethingisofferedononesideforsomethingelseofequivalentvalueontheother.3Everypromiseisanagreementandeverysetofpromisesformingtheconsiderationforeachotherisalsoanagreement.Agreementimpliestwoormorepersonswhoagreeuponthesamethinginthesamesense.Itmaycreatelegalobligationoritmaynotcreatelegalobligationandinthissensenoteveryagreementcanbecomeenforceableatlaw.4Thesescholarsalsoarguethatallthedefinitionsintermsofpromisesoragreementspresupposethatpeopleonlyenterintocontractualrelationsaftertheyhavemadesomeagreementorpromise.Infact,thisisnotalwaysthecase.Peoplesometimessimplyenterintotransactionsorrelationswhicharenotreallybasedonprioragreementsorpromises.Oneobviousexampleisthatofthesimultaneousexchange,orsale.Apersonwhobuysgoodsinasupermarketandpayscashforthemisexchanginghismoneyforthegoodsthathebuys.5Thereisnodoubtatallthatthisisalegalcontract,butitisartificialtoregarditasacontractcreatedbyagreementorpromise.Toinsistthattheremustbeaprioragreementorasetofpromisesinsu