2003博士科技论文讲座2

2020/2/10Unit21Unit2ElementsofThesesandJournalPapers(1)Part1Thetext(body)2020/2/10Unit22Astandardformatforthesesbasedonthecollectionofempiricaldataanintroductionareviewoftheliteraturemethodsandmaterialsresultsdiscussionconclusion2020/2/10Unit23SectionAIntroductorychapter(s)•1.anintroductiontothesubject,thepotentialcontributionofthestudyandtheneedfortheresearch,andanynecessarybackgroundinformation•2.statementoftheproblemwithananalysisofitsdelimitationorscope,anexperimentalstudy,thescheduleandproceduresforgatheringdata•3.thetheoreticalframeworkwithinwhichtheinvestigationwasconducted,basicassumptionsofthestudyanddefinitionsofterms.2020/2/10Unit24ApossiblestructureforarticleintroductionsMove1Aclaimthattheworkisimportant.Theauthormaytrytosupportthisclaimbyshowingthat•theworkiscentraltothefield.•thesubjectofstudyhasattractedwideinterest.•thesubjectofstudyisimportantorrelevant.•thetopicisbeingwidelyinvestigated.•standardproceduresforinvestigatingthetopichavebeenestablished.2020/2/10Unit25Move2.Aselectivesummaryofpreviousresearch2020/2/10Unit26Move3Aclaimthatthepreviousresearchisincomplete.Theauthormay•trytoshowagapinthepreviousresearch.•pointoutinconsistenciesamongpreviousstudies.•argueagainstcurrentlyheldtheoreticalexplanations.•Thissectionoftencontainswordssuchaslittle,no,noneof,few,fail,neglect,lack,beenrestrictedto.Itmaybenegativeorcriticalofpreviousresearchefforts.2020/2/10Unit27Move4Purposeordescriptionofthepresentresearch.Thissectionhasbeenvariouslycalled:•offerofasolution•clarificationofresearchpurpose•advancenoticeofwhatistocomeThissectionoftenbeginswithaphrasesuchas,Theaimofthepresentpaper...•Inthissection,theauthormayswitchfromanobjectivetone(thirdperson)tothemoreinformalfirstperson.2020/2/10Unit28ThreeMoves•“CreateaResearchSpace”model•“CARS”model•1.Establishaterritory•2.Establishaniche•3.Occupytheniche2020/2/10Unit29MoveOne:Establishthebackgroundby•Describingthecurrentsituationand/or•Assertingtherelevanceorimportanceofyourtopicand/or•Providingadefinitionoftheengineeringproblemandstatinghowitrelatestocurrentproblemsand/or•Summarizingpreviousresearchinthefieldincludingdifferentapproachesand/or•Statingthechiefcontributionsofothers.•2020/2/10Unit210MoveTwo:Prepareforpresentresearchby•Indicatingagapor•Supportingatraditionor•Raisingaquestionor•Makingacounter-claim2020/2/10Unit211MoveThree:Introducepresentresearchby•Statingthepurposeoraimofyourresearchprojectand/or•TakingapositionbyClosingthegapor•Makingacontributionor•Answeringquestionsor•Meetinganeedor•Describingtheresearch(anddevelopmentprocess)2020/2/10Unit212•Lopez(1982)twentyonearticlesfromLatinAmericanjournals---only12establishinganiche•Naijar(1990)forty-eightarticlesinArabicinagriculturalsciences---only13establishinganiche2020/2/10Unit213TaylorandChen(1991)analyzingsciencepapersbyChineseresearchers----omittingortruncating（截短）thestepofreviewingpreviousresearchinthemoveofestablishingterritory.2020/2/10Unit214Reasons:1)TheremaybealackofbibliographicresourcesinChina.2)Chinesescholarsarereluctanttodiscusstheworkofcolleaguesforfearofrenderingthatworksubjecttoexposureinsubsequentdescriptionsofthegapsbetweenestablishedandnewterritory.2020/2/10Unit215TheThermalConductivityandSpecificHeatofEpoxy-Resinfrom0.1to8.0K1.EstablishingthefieldThethermalpropertiesofglassymaterialsatlowtemperaturesarestillnotcompletelyunderstood.Thethermalconductivityhasaplateauwhichisusuallyintherange5to10K,andbelowthistemperatureithasatemperaturedependencewhichvariesapproximatelyasT2.Thespecificheatbelow4KismuchlargerthanthatwhichwouldbeexpectedfromtheDebyetheory,anditoftenhasanadditionaltermwhichisproportionaltoT2020/2/10Unit2162.SummarizingpreviousresearchSomeprogresshasbeenmadetowardsunderstandingthethermalbehaviorbyassumingthatthereisacutoffinthephotonspectrumathighfrequencies(ZaitlinandAnderson1975a,b)andthatthereisanadditionalsystemoflow-lyingtwo-levelstates(Anderson1975,Phillips1972).2020/2/10Unit2173.PreparingthepresentresearchNevertheless,moreexperimentaldataarerequired,andinparticularitwouldseemdesirabletomakeexperimentsonglassysampleswhosepropertiescanbevariedslightlyfromonetotheother.2020/2/10Unit2184.IntroducingpresentresearchThepresentinvestigationreportsattemptstodothisbyusingvarioussamplesofthesameepoxy-resinwhichhavebeensubjectedtodifferentcuringcycles.Measurementsofthespecificheat(orthediffusity)andthethermalconductivityhavebeentakeninthetemperaturerange0.1to8.0Kforasetofspecimenswhichcovereduptoninedifferentcuringcycles.2020/2/10Unit219SectionBReviewoftheliterature•WhatisaLiteratureReview?•AccordingtoCooper(1988)'...aliteraturereviewusesasitsdatabasereportsofprimaryororiginalscholarship,anddoesnotreportnewprimaryscholarshipitself.Theprimaryreportsusedintheliteraturemaybeverbal,butinthevastmajorityofcasesreportsarewrittendocuments.Thetypesofscholarshipmaybeempirical,theoretical,critical/analytic,ormethodologicalinnature.Secondaliteraturereviewseekstodescribe,summarize,evaluate,clarifyand/orintegratethecontentofprimaryreports.'2020/2/10Unit220•Thereviewofrelevantlitera