2003博士科技论文讲座4

2020/2/10Unit41Unit4ElementsofThesesandJournalPapers(3)SectionFAcknowledgementsSectionGAbstract2020/2/10Unit42SectionFAcknowledgements•expressionsofappreciationforassistanceandguidance•therecognitionofgenerositywithtimeandknowledgebyadvisersandreadersisacourtesythatiswidelyappreciated•Permissionsthatyouhaveobtainedforquotations2020/2/10Unit43Location:1.inmostcases,thesectionisthelastsectionofthebodyofapaper;2.inrarecases,someoftheacknowledgmentsareputasfootnotestothetitleortoanauthor’sname;3.inathesisordissertationfordegrees,thesectionisusuallyplacedpriortothebodyofthepaperonaseparatepage.2020/2/10Unit44Usefulexpressions例：WearegratefultoXforsupportingthiswork.WewishtothankMr.AandMr.Bfortheirassistanceinconstructingthetest-rig,andfinallyDrCforhelpingwiththeprovisionsofmaterials.我们感谢X机构对本工作的支持，感谢A先生和B先生在建造检测平台、以及C博士在材料的准备工作方面所给予的帮助。2020/2/10Unit45SectionGAbstractThefunctionsofanabstract:1.Serveprimarilyasascreeningdevicetogivereadersanideaofwhatthearticleasawholeisabout;2.Useasstand-alonetexts.Afterreadinganabstract,aresearchermaydecidethatthesubjectmatterisnotimportantenoughtomeritreadingthearticleasawholebutisimportantenoughtokeepinmindforsomepossiblefutureuse.2020/2/10Unit463.Provideahelpfulpreview.This“frames”thearticleandpreparesthereaderforthemainpointstocome.4.Facilitateindexing.Indexersatalllevels,fromsmallinhouselibrariestomajorinstitutionsliketheNationalLibraryofMedicine,oftendependonauthor-generatedabstractstohelpidentifykeywordsandphrasesforcrossindexing.2020/2/10Unit47InformativeAbstract&DescriptiveAbstractThepurposeofaninformativeabstract:toprovideasummaryoftheresearchpaper.Thepurposeofadescriptiveabstract:todescribeonlythegeneralcontentsofthearticleratherthanspecificfindings.2020/2/10Unit48ThecontentofaninformativeabstractTherearefivequestionsforyoutoanswerifyouwriteanabstractin200words.:1.Whatisthegeneralknowledgeofyourtopicintheacademicfield?2.Whatresearchtopicisthepapertofocuson?3.Whatmethodormaterialdoyouusetosupportyourmainpointofview?4.Whatconclusionwillyoudraw?5.Whatisthemaincontributionofthepaper?2020/2/10Unit495AStrategySomebackgroundinformationPurposeofthestudyanditsscope–SomeinformationaboutthemethodologyusedinthestudyThemostimportantresultsofthestudyAstatementofdiscussionorrecommendation2020/2/10Unit410AbstractComposingLetterswithaSimulatedListeningTypewriterWithalisteningtypewriter,whatanauthorsayswouldbeautomaticallyrecognizedanddisplayedinfrontofhimorher.However,speechrecognitionisnotyetadvancedenoughtoprovidepeoplewithareliablelisteningtypewriter.Anaimofourexperimentswastodetermineifanimperfectlisteningtypewriterwouldbeusefulforcomposingletters.2020/2/10Unit411Participantsdictatedletters,eitherinisolatedwordsorinconsecutivewordspeech.Theydidthiswithsimulationsoflisteningtypewritersthatrecognizedeitheralimitedvocabularyoranunlimitedvocabulary.Resultsindicatedthatsomeversions,evenuponfirstusingthem,wereatleastasgoodastraditionalmethodsofhandwritinganddictating.Isolatedwordspeechwithlargevocabulariesmayprovidethebasisforausefullisteningtypewriter.2020/2/10Unit412TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish从本质上说现代管理指的是在这日新月异的环境中如何管理(生产)过程和从事(生产)的人们。作者列举了影响策略管理(strategicmanagement)有效性的几种因素。其中起主导作用的因素是组织氛围(organizationclimate)，而这种组织氛围是由经理的素质以及更换经理的可能性所决定的。为了改善影响策略管理有效性的组织氛围，经理的素质是关键的因素。提供更换经理的可能性大小也是很重要的制约(constraint)因素。作者建议评价管理效果应该包括使用专家顾问的情况以及正常管理程序所起的作用。本文最后指出对这些主要因素作出正确判断和充分发挥它们的作用将有利于在总体上提高策略管理的有效性。2020/2/10Unit413ThestructureoftheabstractSentence1:backgroundSentence2:maintopicSentences3,4,5:specificinvestigationsSentence6:result&suggestionSentence7:conclusion&contribution2020/2/10Unit414(1)Modernmanagementisessentiallyaboutmanagingpeopleaswellasprocessesinarapidlychangingenvironment.(2)Theauthorpresentsthefactorswhichmake“strategicmanagement”effective.(3)Adominantfactoristheorganizationclimatewhich,inturn,isdeterminedbythequalityofthemanagersandtheavailabilityofalternatives.(4)Toimprovetheorganizationclimateinwhichstrategicmanagementcanbeeffective,thequality2020/2/10Unit415ofthemanagersisacrucialfactor.(5)Thescopeforalternativesalsoprovesanimportantconstraint,(6)Theauthorsuggeststhattheassessmentofeffectsformanagementshouldincludetheuseofconsultantsandtheroleofformalprocedure.(7)Itisconcludedthatthecorrectjudgmentandoptimaloperationoftheessentialfactorswillenhancetheeffectivenessofstrategicmanagementingeneral.