高考英语关于阅读理解中的猜词悟义题

专题复习：关于阅读理解中的猜词悟义题近几年的高考阅读理解题越来越重视对考生猜词悟义能力的考查，猜测词悟义的能力，即掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读中生词的干扰、降低生词率、提高阅读速度和理解能力是必不可少的，这是考生英语阅读理解能力的一个重要组成部分。这种不用词典而通过上下文来认识生词的能力是每一个考生所必须具备的能力。这类题主要考查考生对文中的重点词句的理解，要求考生对文章中的个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释或推测其义。常用的问题形式：1.Heunderlinedword（phrase）inthepassagemeans________________．2.Thewordit（them）inthefirstparagraphrefersto_____________．3.Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans_____________．4.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph？5.Whatdoes（do）theunderlinedword（words）referto？6.Accordingtothepassage,“…”probablymeans______________.7.Theauthorusestheword“…”tomean__________.8.Theunderlinedword/phrase/team“…”means______________.9.Theword“…”inparagraph…refersto__________.10.Whatdoes“…”inthesecondparagraphstandsfor?11.Thesentence“…”means_______________.例如:Appletreesmaygrowastallas12metresandtheygrowbestinareasthathavecoldwinters.Althoughnofruitisyieldedduringthewinter,thiscoldperiodisgoodforthetree.Theunderlinedword“yielded”mostprobablymeans__________.A.soldB.boughtC.improvedD.producedAnothersourceofknowledgeisthevaststoreoftraditionalpracticeshandeddownformfathertoson,ormothertodaughter,ofoldcountrycustoms,offolklore.Allthisisverydifficultforacollegestudenttoexamine,formuchknowledgeandpersonalexperienceisneededheretoseparategoodplantsformwildgrass.Thecollegestudentshouldlearntorealizeandrememberhowmuchofrealvaluesciencehasfoundinthiswide,confusedwildernessandhowoftenscientificdiscoveriesofwhathadexistedinthisarealongago.Inthisparagraphthephrase“thiswide,confusedwilderness”refersto_________.A.personalexperienceB.wildweedsamonggoodplantsC.theinformationfromtheparentsD.thevaststoreoftraditionalpractices猜词悟义方法：一、针对性解释针对性解释是作者为了更好地表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。1、根据定义猜测词义定义解释形式多样，常由be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,represent,or,thatistosay,inotherwords,becalled等词汇或破折号来表示。例如：(1)Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.(2)Inslangtheterm“jam”constitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.(3)Amosquitoisasmallflyingpestthatthrusttheskinandthendrinkblood.(4)Apersonwhoskilledatmakingorrepairingwoodenobjectsiscalledacarpenter.2、根据复述猜测词义(1)Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.(2)Hisuncleisazoologist,anexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals.(3)Thenewbuilding,afive-storyedifice,wascompletedlastmonth.(4).Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectricchange,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.)(5)SomeorganizationsofUnitedNationsprefertotakeonPolyglotsastheirworkers----thosewhocanunderstandaswellasspeakmanylanguages.(6)KrabacbersuffersfromSAD,whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder,asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.3、根据举例猜测词义(1)Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.(2)Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchools,orEnglishLearning.二、内在逻辑关系1、根据对比关系猜测义表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是while,not,but,however,yet,otherwise,though,despite,inspiteof,incontrast和while引导的并列句等。在这些表示转折意义的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义的。如：(1)AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.(2)Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.(3)ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.(4)Johnusuallywastesalotofmoneyonsuchuselessthings;hiswife,however,isverythrifty.2、根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，例：Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.3、根据因果关系猜测词义(1)Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.(2)ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.(3)Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.(4)Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.4、根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。(1)Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.(2)Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth,Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.三、外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：(1)Husband:it’sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarepracticallynumb.(Howaboutlightingthefurnace?)(2)Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.1、根据前缀猜测词义例如：(1)Hefellintoaditchandlayhere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.(2)I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.2、根据后缀猜测词义(1)Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.(2)Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.3、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义(1)Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.(2)BullfightisverypopularinSpain.综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。真题欣赏（2005全国卷I第61题）Theunderlinedword“detour”inparagraph5means__________.A.adrivethroughthetownB.araceacrossthefieldsC.aroundaboutwayoftravelingD.ajourneyinthemountainarea